< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/stabnijan
 | This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Germanic *stabnijaną, equivalent to *stabnu (“voice”) + *-jan.
Verb
*stabnijan
- to make oneself be heard
- to tune an instrument
- to vote
Inflection
| Class 1 weak | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | *stabnijan | |
| 1st sg. past | *stabnidā | |
| Infinitive | *stabnijan | |
| Genitive infin. | *stabnijannjas | |
| Dative infin. | *stabnijannjē | |
| Instrum. infin. | *stabnijannju | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *stabniju | *stabnidā |
| 2nd singular | *stabnisi | *stabnidēs, *stabnidōs |
| 3rd singular | *stabniþi | *stabnidē, *stabnidā |
| 1st plural | *stabnijum | *stabnidum |
| 2nd plural | *stabniþ | *stabnidud |
| 3rd plural | *stabnijanþ | *stabnidun |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *stabnijē | *stabnidī |
| 2nd singular | *stabnijēs | *stabnidī |
| 3rd singular | *stabnijē | *stabnidī |
| 1st plural | *stabnijēm | *stabnidīm |
| 2nd plural | *stabnijēþ | *stabnidīd |
| 3rd plural | *stabnijēn | *stabnidīn |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | *stabni | |
| Plural | *stabniþ | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | *stabnijandī | *stabnid |
Alternative reconstructions
- *stamnijan
Descendants
- Old English: stemnan, stefnan
- Middle English: stemmen, stevenen
- Old Frisian: *stemma
- West Frisian: stimme
- ⇒ Old Frisian: tōjēnisstemma
- Old Saxon: *stemnian
- Middle Low German: stemmen
- Old Dutch: *stemnen
- Middle Dutch: stemmen
- Dutch: stemmen
- Middle Dutch: stemmen
- >? Old High German: *stimmen (< *stibnijan?)
- Middle High German: stimmen
- German: stimmen
- ⇒ Old High German: gistimmen
- Middle High German: stimmen
Etymology 2
From Proto-Germanic *stabnijaną, equivalent to *stabn (“stem of a ship”) + *-jan.
Verb
*stabnijan
- to direct, steer
Inflection
| Class 1 weak | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | *stabnijan | |
| 1st sg. past | *stabnidā | |
| Infinitive | *stabnijan | |
| Genitive infin. | *stabnijannjas | |
| Dative infin. | *stabnijannjē | |
| Instrum. infin. | *stabnijannju | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *stabniju | *stabnidā |
| 2nd singular | *stabnisi | *stabnidēs, *stabnidōs |
| 3rd singular | *stabniþi | *stabnidē, *stabnidā |
| 1st plural | *stabnijum | *stabnidum |
| 2nd plural | *stabniþ | *stabnidud |
| 3rd plural | *stabnijanþ | *stabnidun |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *stabnijē | *stabnidī |
| 2nd singular | *stabnijēs | *stabnidī |
| 3rd singular | *stabnijē | *stabnidī |
| 1st plural | *stabnijēm | *stabnidīm |
| 2nd plural | *stabnijēþ | *stabnidīd |
| 3rd plural | *stabnijēn | *stabnidīn |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | *stabni | |
| Plural | *stabniþ | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | *stabnijandī | *stabnid |
Descendants
- Old English: *stefnan
- Middle English: stevenen
- Old Saxon: *stefnian
- Middle Low German: stēvenen, stefnen
- Old Dutch: *stefnen
- Middle Dutch: *stēvenen
- Dutch: stevenen
- Middle Dutch: *stēvenen