< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/libbjan
 | This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *libjaną.
Verb
*libbjan[1]
- to live, to be alive
Inflection
| Class 3 weak j-present | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | *libbjan | |
| 1st sg. past | *libdā | |
| Infinitive | *libbjan | |
| Genitive infin. | *libbjannjas | |
| Dative infin. | *libbjannjē | |
| Instrum. infin. | *libbjannju | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *libbju | *libdā |
| 2nd singular | *libēs | *libdēs, *libdēs |
| 3rd singular | *libēþ | *libdē, *libdā |
| 1st plural | *libbjum | *libdum |
| 2nd plural | *libēþ | *libdud |
| 3rd plural | *libbjanþ | *libdun |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *libbjē | *libdī |
| 2nd singular | *libbjēs | *libdī |
| 3rd singular | *libbjē | *libdī |
| 1st plural | *libbjēm | *libdīm |
| 2nd plural | *libbjēþ | *libdīd |
| 3rd plural | *libbjēn | *libdīn |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | *libē | |
| Plural | *libēþ | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | *libbjandī | *libd |
Descendants
- Old English: libban
- Middle English: liven
- Scots: leeve
- English: live
- Middle English: liven
- Old Frisian: leva
- Saterland Frisian: lieuwje
- West Frisian: libje
- Old Saxon: libbian
- Middle Low German: lēven
- German Low German: leven, lęven
- Middle Low German: lēven
- Old Dutch: libben, *livon
- Dutch: leven
- Afrikaans: leef, lewe
- Dutch: leven
- Old High German: lebēn
- Middle High German: leben
- Alemannic German: lëëbe
- Alsatian: lawe
- Swabian: läba
- German: leben
- Luxembourgish: liewen
- Vilamovian: łaowa
- Yiddish: לעבן (lebn)
- Alemannic German: lëëbe
- Middle High German: leben
References
- Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 321: “*[libʲbʲan]”