< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kwād
 | This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
| This Proto-West Germanic entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
Likely from Proto-Germanic *kwēdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷweh₁-tó-s, *gʷuh₁-tó-s (“excrement”), from *gʷewh₁- (“to defecate”).[1][2]
Adjective
*kwād
- bad, evil
Inflection
| a-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Masculine | ||
| Nominative | *kwād | ||
| Genitive | *kwādas | ||
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *kwād | *kwādu | *kwād |
| Accusative | *kwādanā | *kwādā | *kwād |
| Genitive | *kwādas | *kwādeʀā | *kwādas |
| Dative | *kwādumē | *kwādeʀē | *kwādumē |
| Instrumental | *kwādu | *kwādeʀu | *kwādu |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *kwādē | *kwādō | *kwādu |
| Accusative | *kwādā | *kwādā | *kwādu |
| Genitive | *kwādeʀō | *kwādeʀō | *kwādeʀō |
| Dative | *kwādēm, *kwādum | *kwādēm, *kwādum | *kwādēm, *kwādum |
| Instrumental | *kwādēm, *kwādum | *kwādēm, *kwādum | *kwādēm, *kwādum |
Descendants
- Old English: *cwǣd, *cwēad
- Middle English: qued
- Scots: quad, quaid, queid
- Middle English: qued
- Old Frisian: quād
- Saterland Frisian: kwood
- West Frisian: kwea
- Old Saxon: *quād
- Middle Low German: quât
- German Low German: quaad
- Low German: quaad
- Middle Low German: quât
- Old Dutch: quād
- Middle Dutch: quaet
- Dutch: kwaad
- Limburgish: kwaod
- Middle Dutch: quaet
- Old High German: *quāt
- Middle High German: quāt
- Central Franconian: kodd
- Middle High German: quāt
Noun
*kwād n[1]
- dung, feces
- filth, mud
- wickedness, evilness
Inflection
This noun needs an inflection-table template.
Descendants
- Old English: cwēad
- Middle English: qued
- English: quede
- Middle English: qued
- Old Frisian: quād
- >? Saterland Frisian: Keete
- >? West Frisian: kwea; kjitte
- Old Saxon: *kwād
- Middle Low German: quât
- German Low German: Quaad
- Middle Low German: quât
- Old Dutch: *kwād
- Middle Dutch: quaet
- Dutch: kwaad
- Limburgish: kwaod
- Middle Dutch: quaet
- Old High German: quāt, kōt
- Middle High German: quāt, kāt, quōt, kōt
- German: Kot
- Middle High German: quāt, kāt, quōt, kōt
References
- Friedrich Kluge (1989), “Kot”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 408: “*kwǣda-”
- Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 227