Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kwalm

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From earlier *kwalmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷolH-mos, from *gʷelH- (“to stick, pierce, stab; pain, injury, death”).

Noun

*kwalm m[1]

killing, murder

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*kwalm
Genitive	*kwalmas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kwalm	kwalmō, kwalmōs
Accusative	*kwalm	*kwalmā
Genitive	*kwalmas	*kwalmō
Dative	*kwalmē	*kwalmum
Instrumental	*kwalmu	*kwalmum

Descendants

Old English: cwealm
- Middle English: cwalm, qualm, quelm
  - Scots: qualm
  - English: qualm
Old Frisian: *kwalm
- Saterland Frisian: Kwalm (possibly from Middle Low German)
Old Saxon: *kwalm, qualm
- Middle Low German: quallem
  - Low German: kwalm
  - Dutch Low Saxon: kwaalm
  - → Dutch: kwalm
  - → Swedish: kvalm
  - → Danish: kvalm, kvalme
Old High German: *kwalm, qualm
- Middle High German: qualm
  - German: Qualm

References

Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 50: “PWGmc *kwalm”

[1] Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 50: “PWGmc *kwalm”