< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kwalljan
 | This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *kwaljaną.
Verb
*kwalljan[1]
- to make suffer, to hurt
Inflection
| Class 1 weak | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | *kwalljan | |
| Infinitive | *kwalljan | |
| Genitive infin. | *kwalljannjas | |
| Dative infin. | *kwalljannjē | |
| Instrum. infin. | *kwalljannju | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *kwallju | *kwaldā |
| 2nd singular | *kwalisi | *kwaldēs, *kwaldōs |
| 3rd singular | *kwaliþi | *kwaldē, *kwaldā |
| 1st plural | *kwalljum | *kwaldum |
| 2nd plural | *kwaliþ | *kwaldud |
| 3rd plural | *kwalljanþ | *kwaldun |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *kwalljē | *kwaldī |
| 2nd singular | *kwalljēs | *kwaldī |
| 3rd singular | *kwalljē | *kwaldī |
| 1st plural | *kwalljēm | *kwaldīm |
| 2nd plural | *kwalljēþ | *kwaldīd |
| 3rd plural | *kwalljēn | *kwaldīn |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | *kwali | |
| Plural | *kwaliþ | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | *kwalljandī | *kwald |
Descendants
- Old English: cwellan
- Middle English: quellen
- English: quell
- Middle English: quellen
- Old Saxon: quellian
- Old Dutch: *quellen
- Middle Dutch: quellen
- Dutch: kwellen
- Middle Dutch: quellen
- Old High German: quellen
- Middle High German: quellen, queln
- German: quälen
- Middle High German: quellen, queln
References
- Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 73: “PWGmc *kwaldē”