< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/karmijan
 | This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
From *karm (“cry, moan”) + *-jan, probably ultimately from the same source as *karmiz (“call, cry, shout”), see also Irish gairm.[1]
Verb
*karmijan
- To cry, to moan
Inflection
| Class 1 weak | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | *karmijan | |
| 1st sg. past | *karmidā | |
| Infinitive | *karmijan | |
| Genitive infin. | *karmijannjas | |
| Dative infin. | *karmijannjē | |
| Instrum. infin. | *karmijannju | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *karmiju | *karmidā |
| 2nd singular | *karmisi | *karmidēs, *karmidōs |
| 3rd singular | *karmiþi | *karmidē, *karmidā |
| 1st plural | *karmijum | *karmidum |
| 2nd plural | *karmiþ | *karmidud |
| 3rd plural | *karmijanþ | *karmidun |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *karmijē | *karmidī |
| 2nd singular | *karmijēs | *karmidī |
| 3rd singular | *karmijē | *karmidī |
| 1st plural | *karmijēm | *karmidīm |
| 2nd plural | *karmijēþ | *karmidīd |
| 3rd plural | *karmijēn | *karmidīn |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | *karmi | |
| Plural | *karmiþ | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | *karmijandī | *karmid |
Related terms
- *karmōn
Descendants
- Old English: cirman, cerman, cierman, cyrman
- Middle English: chirmen
- English: chirm
- Scots: chirm, churm
- Middle English: chirmen
- Old Saxon: *kermian
- Middle Low German: kermen
- Old Dutch: *kermen
- Middle Dutch: kermen (likely conflated with the descendant of *karmōn)
- Dutch: kermen
- Middle Dutch: kermen (likely conflated with the descendant of *karmōn)
References
- van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “kermen”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute