Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kalk

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin calc-, oblique stem of calx (“lime”)[1], possibly from Ancient Greek χᾰ́λῐξ (khálix).

Noun

*kalk m

lime (inorganic material containing calcium)
limestone (stone containing lime)

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*kalk
Genitive	*kalkas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*kalk	kalkō, kalkōs
Accusative	*kalk	*kalkā
Genitive	*kalkas	*kalkō
Dative	*kalkē	*kalkum
Instrumental	*kalku	*kalkum

Derived terms

*kalkijan
*kalkōn

Descendants

Old English: ċealc, cealk
- Middle English: chalk, calke, chalke, schalk, schalke
  - English: chalk (see there for further descendants); cauk, cawk
  - Scots: cauk, cawk
Old Frisian: kalk
- North Frisian:
  Halligen: kalk
  Sylt: Kualk
- Saterland Frisian: Koolk
- West Frisian: kalk
Old Saxon: kalk, calc
- Middle Low German: kalk, kallik
  - Low German: Kalk
  - Plautdietsch: Kaulkj
  - → Latvian: kaļķis
  - → Scandinavian:
    - Icelandic: kalk
    - Faroese: kálk
    - Norwegian:
      Norwegian Nynorsk: kalk
      Norwegian Bokmål: kalk
      - → Lule Sami: kálkka (or from Swedish)
      - → Southern Sami: kaalhke (or from Swedish)
    - Old Danish: kalk
      - Danish: kalk
    - Old Swedish: kalker
      - Swedish: kalk
        → Finnish: kalkki
        → Inari Sami: kalkkâ
        → Skolt Sami: kalkk
        → Northern Sami: kálka
Old Dutch: *kalk
- Middle Dutch: calc
  - Dutch: kalk
    - Afrikaans: kalk
    - Negerhollands: kalk
      - → Virgin Islands Creole: kalk (dated)
    - → Indonesian: kalk
    - → Japanese: カルキ (karuki)
    - → Papiamentu: karkó, kalki
    - → Sranan Tongo: karki
  - Limburgish: kalk
Old High German: kalk, calc, calch, calck, chalc, chalch, chalh, kalck
- Middle High German: kalc
  - Alemannic German: Chalch
  - Bavarian: Koich
    Cimbrian: khalch
    Hianzisch: Koli
    Tyrol Bavarian: Kchoich
  - Central Franconian: Kallek, Kallik
    Hunsrik: Kallik
  - East Central German:
    Erzgebirgisch: Kallich
    Silesian: Koilk
    Vilamovian: kiöelk
  - East Franconian: Kallich, Kollich
  - German: Kalk
  - Luxembourgish: Kallek
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Hessian: Kalch, Kalsch
    Palatine German: Kalk, Kalik
    Pennsylvania German: Kallick, Kalk
  - Yiddish: קאַלכ‎ (kalkh)

References

Miller, D. Gary (13 June 2012), “Early loanwords from Latin and Greek”, in External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654260.001.0001, →ISBN, § 4.5, page 65.

[1] Miller, D. Gary (13 June 2012), “Early loanwords from Latin and Greek”, in External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654260.001.0001, →ISBN, § 4.5, page 65.