< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/himil
 | This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
Uncertain; possibly:
- from Proto-Germanic *himinaz with nasal dissimilation,[1] perhaps under the influence of *sōwul ~ *sunnā (“sun”),[2]
- from an older heteroclitic l/n-stem alongside Proto-Germanic *himinaz,[3]
- cognate with Proto-Germanic *himinaz derived from a separate suffix.[4]
Assuming a nasal dissimilation of Proto-Germanic *hemnaz to *hebnaz, doublet with *hebun.[5]
Noun
*himil m[6]
- sky
- Synonyms: *hebun, *luftu
- heaven
- Synonym: *hebun
Inflection
| Masculine a-stem | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | ||
| Nominative | *himil | |
| Genitive | *himilas | |
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *himil | *himilō, *himilōs |
| Accusative | *himil | *himilā |
| Genitive | *himilas | *himilō |
| Dative | *himilē | *himilum |
| Instrumental | *himilu | *himilum |
Descendants
- Old Frisian: himul
- Saterland Frisian: Heemel
- West Frisian: himel
- Old Saxon: himil
- Middle Low German: hemmel, hēmel
- German Low German:
- Ostfriesisch (East Frisian Low Saxon): Hemel, Himmel
- Westphalian:
- Dortmundisch: Hiəmel
- Lippisch, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Hemmel
- Sauerländisch: Hiemel, Heämel (Wenden)
- Westmünsterländisch: Himmel
- Plautdietsch: Himmel
- → Norwegian: himmel
- → Old Swedish: himil
- Swedish: himmel
- → Finnish: himmeli
- Swedish: himmel
- → Old Danish: *himæl
- Danish: himmel
- → Gutnish: himmel
- → Westrobothnian: himmel, himel
- German Low German:
- Middle Low German: hemmel, hēmel
- Old Dutch: himil
- Middle Dutch: hēmel
- Dutch: hemel
- Afrikaans: hemel
- Limburgish: hieëmel
- Dutch: hemel
- Middle Dutch: hēmel
- Old High German: himil
- Middle High German: himel
- Swabian: Hemmel, Hemml, Himml
- Bavarian: Himmi, Himml
- Cimbrian: hümmel, hümbl
- Central Franconian: Himmel, Hemmel
- Hunsrik: Himmel
- Luxembourgish: Himmel
- Transylvanian Saxon: Hemmel
- German: Himmel
- Rhine Franconian: Himmel
- Pennsylvania German: Himmel
- Yiddish: הימל (himl)
- Middle High German: himel
Further reading
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hemina- ~ *hemna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 220
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xemenaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 169
- Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005), “himul”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 172-173
- Kroonen, Guus (2011) The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 163: “*hemō, *humnaz”
- Friedrich Kluge (1989), “Himmel”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 309
- Torp, Alf (1919), “Himmel”, in Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug and Co. (W. Nygaard), page 214
- Hellquist, Elof (1922), “himmel”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary] (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 236
References
- Braune, W. (1891) Althochdeutsche Grammatik, Halle, page 94
- Wachter, R. (1997), “Das indogermanische Wort fiir 'Sonne' und die angebliche Gruppe der l/n-Heteroklitika”, in Historische Sprachforschung, page 18
- Pedersen, H. (1893), “Rn Stamme”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, page 145
- Vries (1992) (please provide the title of the work)
- Pokorny, Julius (1959), “3. k̂em-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 556-557
- Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 272: “PWGmc *himil”