Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hard(ī)

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *harduz.

Adjective

*hard(ī)

hard

Inflection

a-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*hard
Genitive	*hardas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*hard	*hardu	*hard
Accusative	*hardanā	*hardā	*hard
Genitive	*hardas	*hardeʀā	*hardas
Dative	*hardumē	*hardeʀē	*hardumē
Instrumental	*hardu	*hardeʀu	*hardu
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*hardē	*hardō	*hardu
Accusative	*hardā	*hardā	*hardu
Genitive	*hardeʀō	*hardeʀō	*hardeʀō
Dative	hardēm, hardum	hardēm, hardum	hardēm, hardum
Instrumental	hardēm, hardum	hardēm, hardum	hardēm, hardum

ja-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*hardī
Genitive	*hardijas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*hardī	*hardiju	*hardī
Accusative	*hardijanā	*hardijā	*hardī
Genitive	*hardijas	*hardijeʀā	*hardijas
Dative	*hardijumē	*hardijeʀē	*hardijumē
Instrumental	*hardiju	*hardijeʀu	*hardiju
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*hardijē	*hardijō	*hardiju
Accusative	*hardijā	*hardijā	*hardiju
Genitive	*hardijeʀō	*hardijeʀō	*hardijeʀō
Dative	hardijēm, hardijum	hardijēm, hardijum	hardijēm, hardijum
Instrumental	hardijēm, hardijum	hardijēm, hardijum	hardijēm, hardijum

Derived terms

*hardijan

Descendants

Old English: heard
- Middle English: hard
  - Scots: hard, haird
  - English: hard
Old Frisian: herde, herd
- Saterland Frisian: hart
- West Frisian: hurd
Old Saxon: hard
- Middle Low German: hart, hārde
  - Low German: hart
Old Dutch: hart, *hard, *hert (attested in placenames)
- Middle Dutch: hart, hert
  - Dutch: hard, (dialectal) herd
    - Afrikaans: hard
Old High German: hart
- Middle High German: hart, herte
  - Alemannic German: hert
    Swabian: hirrt
  - Central Franconian: haat
  - German: hart
  - Luxembourgish: haart
  - Yiddish: האַרט‎ (hart)