< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hardēn
 | This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
From *hard(ī) (“hard”) + *-ēn.
Verb
*hardēn
- to become hard
Inflection
| Class 3 weak | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | *hardēn | |
| 1st sg. past | *hard?dā | |
| Infinitive | *hardēn | |
| Genitive infin. | *hardēnijas | |
| Dative infin. | *hardēnijē | |
| Instrum. infin. | *hardēniju | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *hardē | *hard?dā |
| 2nd singular | *hardēs | *hard?dēs, *hard?dēs |
| 3rd singular | *hardēþ | *hard?dē, *hard?dā |
| 1st plural | *hardēm | *hard?dum |
| 2nd plural | *hardēþ | *hard?dud |
| 3rd plural | *hardēnþ | *hard?dun |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *hardē | *hard?dī |
| 2nd singular | *hardēs | *hard?dī |
| 3rd singular | *hardē | *hard?dī |
| 1st plural | *hardēm | *hard?dīm |
| 2nd plural | *hardēþ | *hard?dīd |
| 3rd plural | *hardēn | *hard?dīn |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | *hardē | |
| Plural | *hardēþ | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | *hardēndī | *hard?d |
Related terms
- Proto-West Germanic: *hardijan
Descendants
- Old English: heardian
- Middle English: harden
- Old Frisian: *herdia
- West Frisian: hurdzje
- Old Saxon: *hardōn
- ⇒ Old Saxon: farhardōn
- Middle Low German: hārden
- Old Dutch: *hardon
- Middle Dutch: harden, herden (conflated with the descendant of *hardijan)
- Dutch: harden
- Middle Dutch: harden, herden (conflated with the descendant of *hardijan)
- Old High German: hartēn
- Middle High German: harten