< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/haldan
 | This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *haldaną.
Verb
*haldan[1]
- to hold
- to keep
Inflection
| Strong class 7c | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | *haldan | |
| 1st sg. past | *heald | |
| 3rd pl. past | *healdun | |
| Past ptcple | *haldan | |
| Infinitive | *haldan | |
| Genitive infin. | *haldannjas | |
| Dative infin. | *haldannjē | |
| Instrum. infin. | *haldannju | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *haldu | *heald |
| 2nd singular | *haldiʀi | *healdī |
| 3rd singular | *haldidi | *heald |
| 1st plural | *haldum | *healdum |
| 2nd plural | *haldid | *healdud |
| 3rd plural | *haldand | *healdun |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *haldē | *healdī |
| 2nd singular | *haldēs | *healdī |
| 3rd singular | *haldē | *healdī |
| 1st plural | *haldēm | *healdīm |
| 2nd plural | *haldēþ | *healdīd |
| 3rd plural | *haldēn | *healdīn |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | *hald | |
| Plural | *haldid | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | *haldandī | *haldan |
Descendants
- Old English: healdan, haldan
- Middle English: holden, halden
- English: hold
- Northumbrian: hauld, haad
- Scots: hald, hauld, haud, had
- Yola: houle
- English: hold
- Middle English: holden, halden
- Old Frisian: halda
- Saterland Frisian: hoolde
- West Frisian: hâlde
- Old Saxon: haldan
- Middle Low German: halden, hōlden
- Low German: hallen (Paderbornisch); holen, holden, hollen, hooln
- Plautdietsch: hoolen
- Middle Low German: halden, hōlden
- Old Dutch: haldan
- Middle Dutch: houden, halden, holden
- Dutch: houden
- Afrikaans: hou
- Limburgish: haaje
- Dutch: houden
- Middle Dutch: houden, halden, holden
- Old High German: haltan
- Middle High German: halten
- Bavarian: hoiten
- German: halten
- Luxembourgish: halen
- Yiddish: האַלטן (haltn)
- Middle High German: halten
References
- Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 184: “PWGmc *haldan”