Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ür

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms

*-ur
*-r

Reconstruction notes

The roundedness of this suffix are preserved by Old Anatolian Turkish, but in other languages have instead unrounded to *-ir. Also in Turkish and Tatar, this suffix merged with the so-called "aorist" suffix *-er to form an unpredictable choice on simple present suffixes (i.e. Turkish bilir, olur, but eder).

Suffix

*-ür

Suffix creating positive present tense.
‎*seb- (“to love”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*sebür (“She/he/it loves.”)
Antonym: *-meŕ

Related terms

*-ti (past tense seen or clear)
*-miĺ (past tense heard or unclear)
*-gan (verbal adjective)
*-sa (verbal adverb; if)
*-de (locative case)
*-den (ablative case)
*-niŋ (genitive case)

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: -ӗр (-ĕr), -ӑр (-ăr), -р (-r)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-ür) [script needed] (-ur)
  - Azerbaijani: -ir, -ır, -r
  - Ottoman Turkish:
    - Turkish: -ar, -er, -ir, -ır, -ur, -ür, -r
- Salar: -er, -ar, -r
- Turkmen: -er, -ar, -r
Karluk:
- Karakhanid:
  - Uzbek: -ar
  - Uyghur: [script needed] (-er), [script needed] (-ar)
Kipchak:
- East Kipchak:
  - Southern Altai: -ар (-ar), -эр (-er), -ор (-or), -ӧр (-ör), -р (-r),
- South Kipchak:
  - Kazakh: -ар (-ar), -ер (-er), -р (-r)
Siberian:
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: [script needed] (-ar), [script needed] (-er), [script needed] (-or), [script needed] (-ör), [script needed] (-r)

Alternative reconstruction

*-üŕ
*-guŕ
*-güŕ

Suffix

*-ür

Suffix creating causative form of verb.
‎*keč- (“to pass”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečür- (“to pass something or someone”)
‎*büt- (“to be end”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*bütür- (“to end”)
Synonyms: *-tur, *-t

Usage notes

Unlike the *-tur, it is not a productive suffix in modern Turkic languages. So, if it does not exists, you can not product a new verb with *-Ur, but you can with *tUr.
If the verb has this suffix once, then the second time it takes the -t form.
‎*kečür- (“to pass someone or something”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečürt- (“to cause to pass someone or something”)
The third time it takes this suffix, it takes the form -tUr.
‎*kečürt- (“to cause to pass someone or something”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečürttür- (“to cause to cause to pass someone or something”)
And if it is asked to take more, it takes the forms -t and -tUr respectively.
‎*kečürttür- (“to cause to cause to pass someone or something”) + ‎*-ür → ‎*kečürttürt- (“to cause to cause to cause someone or something”) (Today, Turkic languages do not go that far, but it becomes a grammatically correct verb.)

Related terms

*sab-ur-
*sim-ür-
*ol-ur-
*yum-ur-
*yem-ür-
*yaš-ur-