Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/xātun

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*qātun[1] (later)

Etymology

Borrowed from Northeastern Iranian, allegedly via Sogdic[2][3] or perhaps Sakan[4], ultimately from Proto-Iranian *hwatáHwah, compare Sogdian 𐼶𐼴𐽂𐼰𐼷𐼻𐼳‎ (xwtʾynh /xutēn/, “queen”), 𐫟𐫇𐫤𐫀𐫇‎ (xwtʾw), 𐼲𐼴𐽂𐼰𐼴‎ (ɣwtʾw /xutāw, xuδāw/, “lord, sovereign”), Bactrian χοαδηο (xoadēo /xʷadēw/, “lord”).

A minority view by Doerfer holds that the word is of Para-Mongolic origin, evidenced by Xianbei [Term?], and analyzed by him as cognate with *kagan (“khan”) and hypothetical feminine suffix *-tun found in Xianbei [Term?] (/(a)matun/, “mother”).[5]

Noun

*xātun[5][3][2][6]

queen, lady

Descendants

It is generally difficult to ascertain which forms are inherited and which are reborrowed from neighboring languages.

Karakhanid: قاتُونْ‎ (qātūn)
Karluk:
- Chagatai: حاتون‎ (ḥatun)
  - Ili Turki:
    Taranchi: xotun
  - Uzbek: xotin
  - Uyghur: خوتۇن‎ (xotun)
    Lopnor: [script needed] (xatun, “woman, wife”)
Kipchak
- Kipchak: [script needed] (qātūn)
- Central Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: қатын
  - Kazakh: қатын (qatın)
  - Nogai: хатын (xatın)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: катын (katın, “woman, wife; elderly woman”)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡатын (qatïn)
  - Siberian Tatar: қатын
  - Tatar: хатын (xatın)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: katın, hatın
  - Karachay-Balkar: къатын
  - Karaim: катын
  - Urum: катын
Oghuz:
- Azerbaijani: qadın
- Gagauz: kadın, kadı́na (obsolete)
- Ottoman Turkish: قادین‎ (qadin)
  - Turkish: kadın
  - → Crimean Tatar: kadın
- Salar: qadïnkiš , xatunkiši (“woman”), xotun (“woman, wife”) (perhaps from Uyghur)
- Turkmen: hātyn (obsolete)
Siberian:
- Northern Altai:
  - Northern Altai:
    Kumandy: кат (kat), каат (kaat)
    Chelkan: кадыт (kadït)
- Southern Altay:
  - Southern Altai: кадыт (kadït)
    Teleut: қаты (қatï), каат (kaat)
- Sayan:
  - Tuvan: када (kada), кадай (kaday, “old woman”) (highly dubious)
    кадын (kadın, “queen”) (likely from Mongolic)
    каътташ (kaʺttaš, “woman”) (obsolete)
    - (?) Soyot:қадай (қaday, “woman”)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: katun, kotun
  - Yakut: хатын (xatın), хотун (xotun, “lady, mistress, wife”) (perhaps from Mongolic)
- Yenisei:
  - Shor: қаат
  - Khakas: хадын (xadın), (?) хадай (xaday)
  - Western Yugur: ɢadən (“queen, wife of an important official person”)
Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (xatun)
Old Turkic: 𐰴𐱃𐰆𐰣‎ (qt¹un¹ /qatun/)
Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/xatūn/)
→ Old Armenian: խաթուն (xatʿun)
→ Manchu: [script needed] (katun, “princess, empress, queen”)
→ Mongolic: *katun (if not inherited from Pre-Mongolic)
Kalmyk: [script needed] (χatn̥, “wife, noblewoman, queen”)
Khalkha: хатан (hatan)
Ordos: [script needed] (ġatun, “lady, prince's wife”)
→ Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫑𐫀𐫎𐫇𐫗‎ (xʾṯwn /xātūn, qātūn/, “Lady, an Uighur female title”)
- Persian: خاتون‎ (xātūn) (possibly, if not from Sogdian directly) (see there for further descendants)
→ Tibetan: [script needed] (k'at'un, “princess”)

References

Tenišev E. R., editor (2001) Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 297
Clauson, Gerard (1972), “xa:tun”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 602
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 157
Dybo, Anna (2014), “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica, 2‎, page 9
Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20) (in German), volume 3, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1159, page 132
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “kadın”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

[1] Tenišev E. R., editor (2001) Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 297

[Clauson-2] Clauson, Gerard (1972), “xa:tun”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 602

[Rasanen-3] Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 157

[Dybo-4] Dybo, Anna (2014), “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica, 2‎, page 9

[TMN-5] Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20) (in German), volume 3, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1159, page 132

[6] Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “kadın”, in Nişanyan Sözlük