Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/topïk

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Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/topïk

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *top (round thing) +‎ *-ïk (diminutive suffix).[1] Compare Proto-Mongolic *toyig (“knee; huckle-bone (of animals)”), Proto-Tungusic *topig (“knee”).

It is seen that the middle p sounds in Turkic turn into y sounds in Mongolic. For example; Proto-Turkic *čï̄pgan (“furuncle; rash, pimple”), Proto-Mongolic *čiyigan (“tumour, albugo”); Proto-Turkic *kapïrčak (“box, coffin; basket”), Proto-Mongolic *kayirčag (“small box, chest”)... Likewise, it is sometimes constructed with the x (ɣ) phoneme in Proto-Mongolic: alternatively Proto-Mongolic *kaxurčag (“small box, chest”); Proto-Turkic *kopuŕ (a musical (string) instrument), Proto-Mongolic *kuxur (“a musical (string) instrument”); Proto-Turkic *kap- (“to close”), Proto-Mongolic *kaxa- (“to close”). But this phoneme does not exist in Tungusic: Proto-Turkic *köpürüg (“bridge”), Proto-Mongolic *köxürge (“bridge”), Proto-Tungusic *xupuru (“bridge”); Proto-Turkic *köp- (“to swell”), *köpük (“foam”), Proto-Mongolic *köxe- (“to foam, swell up”), Proto-Tungusic *xopu-n (“foam”); Proto-Turkic *sipür- (“to sweep”), *sipür (“broom”), Proto-Mongolic *sixür- (“to sweep”), *sixür (“broom, besom”), Proto-Tungusic *čipi-/*šipü- (“to sweep; to scrape”). (The letter x in Proto-Mongolic corresponds to the sound ɣ in IPA.)

Noun

*topïk

1. (Common Turkic) small ball, pellet
2. (Common Turkic) knee cap
3. (Common Turkic) knee
4. (Common Turkic) anklebone; heel bone

Declension

Declension of *topïk (Common Turkic)

	singular	plural2)
nominative	*topïk	*topïklar
accusative
genitive	*topïknïŋ	*topïklarnïŋ
dative	*topïkka	*topïklarka
locative	*topïkta	*topïklarda
ablative	*topïktan	*topïklardan
instrumental1)		*topïklarïn
equative1)	*topïkča	*topïklarča

¹⁾The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Common Turkic languages.
²⁾This plural suffix is used only on Common Turkic, and not in Oghur. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

• →? Proto-Mongolic: *toyig
• →? Proto-Tungusic: *topig

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: topuq
    • Ottoman Turkish:
      • Turkish: topuk (“heel bone”)
  • Turkmen: topuk
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (topık, “small ball, pellet; ankle bone”)
    • Uzbek: topiq
    • Uyghur: توپۇق‎ (topuq, “kneecap; patella”)
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: тубыҡ (tubıq)
    • Tatar: [script needed] (tubıq)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar:
    • Kumyk: [script needed] (tobuq)
    • Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (tobuq)
    • Karaim: [script needed] (tobuq)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak: tobiʻq
      • Kazakh: тобық (tobyq)
      • Nogai: [script needed] (tobıq)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: [script needed] (topuq), [script needed] (tomuq)
      • Southern Altai: [script needed] (topuq), [script needed] (tomuq)
• Siberian:
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: тобук (tobuk)
    • Dolgan: тобук
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tuvan: [script needed] (dowuq)
      • Tofa: [script needed] (to'puq)
    • Yenisei:
      • Khakas: [script needed] (tomıx)
      • Western Yugur: tōq

References

1. Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “topuk”, in Nişanyan Sözlük

• Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*topɨk”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill