Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kāŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*kāz

Etymology

Considering the bird’s black feathers, it could be a derivative of the word 'black' (see Proto-Turkic *kara), but most data support the hypothesis of an onomatopoeic origin.[1][2][3] Probably related to the Hungarian onomatopoeic word gá-gá (“sound a goose makes”).[3] This onomatopoeic formation may serve the same function as other Turkic bird-related words like karga (“crow, black bird”) and kuş (“bird”), compare the Hungarian onomatopoeic word kár-kár ("to croak").[3]

Alternatively, borrowed from some reflex of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”), perhaps Tocharian.[4][5] Pedersen derived from Old Armenian *գաս (*gas), the supposed earlier form of սագ (sag, “goose”),[6][7] but this derivation is implausible.[2][5] Unlikely to be a direct borrowing from Proto-Indo-European, but perhaps coincidental or a cultural Wanderwort.[8] Compare with Chechen гӏа̄з (ğaaz), Ingush гӏа̄ж (ğaaž).

Noun

*kāŕ

goose

Declension

Declension of *kāŕ

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*kāŕ
Accusative	kāŕnï, kāŕnïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*kāŕnïŋ
Dative	*kāŕka
Locative	*kāŕta
Ablative	*kāŕtan
Instrumental ²⁾	*kāŕïn
Equative ²⁾	*kāŕča

¹⁾ Found in early Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: хур (hur)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: qaz
  - Ottoman Turkish: قاز‎ (qaz)
    - Turkish: kaz
    - Gagauz: kaaz
    - → Zazaki: qaz
    - Kurdish:
      - → Central Kurdish: قاز‎ (qaz)
      - → Northern Kurdish: qaz
    - → Laz: კაზი (ǩazi), ღაზი (ğazi)
    - → Middle Armenian: ղազ (łaz)
      - Armenian: ղազ (łaz)
  - Salar: gaz
  - Turkmen: gāz
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قازْ‎ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)
  - Chagatai: قاز‎ (qaz)
    - Uzbek: g'oz
    - Uyghur: غاز‎ (ghaz)
Kipchak:
- Armeno-Kipchak: խազ (xaz)
- Kipchak: chax
- Mamluk-Kipchak: قاز‎ (qaz)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡаҙ (qað)
  - Tatar: каз (qaz)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: qaz / къаз
  - Karachay-Balkar: къаз (qaz)
  - Karaim: къаз (qaz), каз (kaz)
  - Kumyk: къаз (qaz)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: g'az
    - Kazakh: қаз (qaz)
    - Nogai: каз (kaz)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kazakh: каз (kaz)
    - Southern Altai: кас (kas)
Siberian:
- Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)
  - Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaz)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: каас (kaas)
  - Yakut: хаас (xaas)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tuvan: кас (kas)
    - Tofa: қас (qas)
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Khakas: хас (xas)
    - Shor: қас (qas)
  - Altai Turkic:
    - Northern Altai: кас (kas)
→ Abkhaz: а-ҟыз (a-qʼəz)
→ Adyghe: къаз (qaaz)
→ Alanic:
- Jassic: caz
- Ossetian: хъаз (qaz)
→ Archi: хъаз (qaz)
→ Avar: хъаз (qxaz)
→ Chechen: гӏаз (ğaz)
→ Dargwa: къаз (ɢaz)
→ Ingush: гӏаж (ğaž)
→ Kabardian: къаз (qaaz)
→ Lezgi: къаз (q̄az)
→ Persian: غاز‎ (ğâz), قاز‎ (qâz)
- Tajik: ғоз (ġoz)
- → Urdu: قاز‎ (qāz)
→ Pashto: قازه‎ (qā́za)
→ Sangisari: غاز (qāz)

References

Levitskaja, L. S.; Dybo, A. V.; Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages]‎ (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 184b
Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎ (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1389, pages 385–387
Czeglédi, Katalin. The Nature of the Relationship between the Hungarian and Turkish Languages. Journal of Eurasian Studies. Volume IV., Issue 4. October-December 2012.
Clauson, Gerard (1972) An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 679
Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1979), “սագ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume IV, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 152b
Pedersen, Holger (1906), “Armenisch und die Nachbarsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 39, issue 3, pages 453–454
Pedersen (Pedersən), Holger (1907) Hayerēn ew dracʿi lezunerə [Armenian and the Neighbouring Languages] (in Armenian), translated into Armenian by H. Tʿovmas Ketikean, Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 186–187
The Proto-Bulgaro-Turkic Urheimat based on geolexical analysis (archived)

[1] Levitskaja, L. S.; Dybo, A. V.; Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages]‎ (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 184b

[TMN-2] Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎ (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1389, pages 385–387

[Katalin-3] Czeglédi, Katalin. The Nature of the Relationship between the Hungarian and Turkish Languages. Journal of Eurasian Studies. Volume IV., Issue 4. October-December 2012.

[4] Clauson, Gerard (1972) An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 679

[HAB-5] Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1979), “սագ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume IV, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 152b

[6] Pedersen, Holger (1906), “Armenisch und die Nachbarsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 39, issue 3, pages 453–454

[7] Pedersen (Pedersən), Holger (1907) Hayerēn ew dracʿi lezunerə [Armenian and the Neighbouring Languages] (in Armenian), translated into Armenian by H. Tʿovmas Ketikean, Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 186–187

[8] The Proto-Bulgaro-Turkic Urheimat based on geolexical analysis (archived)