Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kümüĺ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Likely an ancient Wanderwort believed to have spread from an unknown source to Turkic, Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic languages[1].

According to several sources, ultimately of Chinese origin, most likely Early Middle Chinese 金 (kˠiɪm), possibly from an unattested Chinese nominal compound *金鐐 (kˠiɪmleu)[2][3][4][5]. However, this hypothetic compound would yield Proto-Turkic *kemle or kümlü rather than kümül, which prompts Antonov and Jacques (2011) to reject this hypothesis [1] and instead connect the word to Proto-Palaungic *kmuul, modern Khmu [script needed] (kmuːl). They also connect it to a large number of cognates in Sino-Tibetan languages, such as Tibetan དངུལ (dngul)[1]. The direction of the borrowing is unclear, as "the etymon for ‘silver’ is not derivable in a straightforward manner from any known verbal or nominal root in either Turkic, Sino-Tibetan or Austroasiatic"[1].

An internal Turkic etymology featuring a nominal derivation from Proto-Turkic *kün (“day, sun”) with a subsequent shift of the intevocalic /n/ to /m/ has been proposed too[6]; compare the semantic extension in Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (“silver”), derived from *h₂erǵ- (“white; glittering”), although Antonov and Jacques find such a derivation improbable on semantic grounds[1].

Noun

*kümüĺ

silver (metal)

Declension

Declension of *kümüĺ

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*kümüĺ
Accusative	kümüĺnü, kümüĺnüg ¹⁾
Genitive	*kümüĺnüŋ
Dative	*kümüĺke
Locative	*kümüĺte
Ablative	*kümüĺten
Instrumental ²⁾	*kümüĺün
Equative ²⁾	*kümüĺče

¹⁾ Found in early Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: кӗмӗл (kĕmĕl)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: gümüş
  - Ottoman Turkish: كومش‎‎ (gümüş)
    - Gagauz: gümüş
    - Turkish: gümüş
- Salar: gumuş
- Turkmen: kümüş
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: كُمُشْ‎‎ (kümüš)
  - Chagatai:
    - Uzbek: kumush
    - Uyghur: كۈمۈش‎ (kümüsh)
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: көмөш (kömöş)
  - Tatar: көмеш (kömeş)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: kümüş
  - Karachay-Balkar: кюмюш (kümüş)
  - Kumyk: гюмюш (gümüş)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: guʻmis
    - Kazakh: күміс (kümıs)
    - Nogai: куьмис (kümis)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: күмүш (kümüş)
    - Southern Altai: кӱмӱш (kümüš)
Siberian:
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: көмүс (kömüs)
- South Siberian:
  - Old Turkic:
    - Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰢𐱁‎ (kümš /kümüš/)
    - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kwymwš /kümüš/)
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Khakas: кӱмӱс (kümüs)
    - Shor: кӱмӱш (kümüş)

References

Antonov, A. & Jacques, G., 2011. Turkic kümüš 'silver' and the lambdaism vs sigmatism debate.
Joki, Aulis J. 1952. Die Lehnworter des Sajan-Samojedischen. nº 103 Dans Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen Seur, page 2010
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 308b
Cincius, V. I. & Bugaeva T. G. 1979. K etimologii nazvanij metallov i ix splavov v altajskix jazykax. Issledovanija v oblasti etimologii altajskix jazykov. Leningrad:Nauka.
Dybo, A. V. 2007. Lingvističeskije kontakty rannix tjurkov: leksičeskij fond: pratjurkskij period. RAN, Institut jazykoznanija, Moskva
Rybatzki, Volker 1994. Bemerkungen zur turkischen und mongolischen Metallterminologie. Dans Studia Orientalia. vol. 73, pages 193–251

[Antonov-1] Antonov, A. & Jacques, G., 2011. Turkic kümüš 'silver' and the lambdaism vs sigmatism debate.

[2] Joki, Aulis J. 1952. Die Lehnworter des Sajan-Samojedischen. nº 103 Dans Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen Seur, page 2010

[3] Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 308b

[4] Cincius, V. I. & Bugaeva T. G. 1979. K etimologii nazvanij metallov i ix splavov v altajskix jazykax. Issledovanija v oblasti etimologii altajskix jazykov. Leningrad:Nauka.

[5] Dybo, A. V. 2007. Lingvističeskije kontakty rannix tjurkov: leksičeskij fond: pratjurkskij period. RAN, Institut jazykoznanija, Moskva

[6] Rybatzki, Volker 1994. Bemerkungen zur turkischen und mongolischen Metallterminologie. Dans Studia Orientalia. vol. 73, pages 193–251