Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kiāl-

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Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kiāl-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Verb

kiāl-

1. (intransitive) to stay behind, remain

Descendants

• Medieval
  • Karakhanid: قَلْماقْ‎ (qalmāq)
  • Old Turkic
    • Orkhon: 𐰴𐰞‎ (qal-)
    • Old Uyghur: qʾlmʾq (qalmaq)
  • Kipchak
    • Cuman: [script needed] (qal-)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (qal-)
  • Khorezmian: [script needed] (qal-)
• Oghuz
  • West Oghuz
    • Azeri: qalmaq
    • Ottoman Turkish: قالمق‎‎ (qalmaq)
      • Turkish: kalmak
  • East Oghuz
    • Turkmen: gālmak
• Kipchak
  • North Kipchak
    • Bashkir: ҡалыу (qalïw)
    • Tatar: калу (qalu)
  • South Kipchak
    • Caspian
      • Kazakh: қалу (qalw)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
      • Kyrgyz: калуу (kaluu)
      • Southern Altai: калур (kalur)
• Karluk
  • Chagatai: [script needed] (qalmaq)
    • Uzbek: qolmoq
    • Uyghur: قالماق‎‎ (qalmaq‎)
• Siberian
  • North Siberian
    • Dolgan: каал (kaal)
    • Yakut: хаал (xaal)
  • South Siberian
    • Yenisei Turkic
      • Khakas: халарға (xalarğa)
    • Sayan Turkic
      • Tuvan: калыр (kalır)
• Oghur
  • Chuvash: юлма (julma)

Further reading

• Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*Kiāl-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Clauson, Gerard (1972), “kal-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 615