Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kagun

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*qaɣun[1]

Etymology

Perhaps borrowed from Tibetan ག་གོན (ga gon, “melon, gourd”)[2], reduplicated borrowing from Old Mandarin 瓜 (kwa)[3] (compare borrowings Tibetan གོན (gon, “pumpkin”), Nusu [Term?] (/ɣɔ/, “pumpkin”), Dzongkha གོན (gon, “cucumber”), Classical Mongolian ᠭᠤᠧ᠎ᠠ (ɣuē'a)), though this has been disputed[1].

Noun

*kagun[4]

melon, muskmelon, watermelon

Declension

Declension of *kagun

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*kagun
Accusative	kagunnu, kagunnug ¹⁾
Genitive	*kagunnuŋ
Dative	*kagunka
Locative	*kagunta
Ablative	*kaguntan
Instrumental ²⁾	*kagunun
Equative ²⁾	*kagunča

¹⁾ Found in early Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

Karakhanid:[5][6]
Arabic: كاغُونْ‎ (kāğūn) [1072 CE, Kashgari I], [script needed] (kāwūn) [13th c., ibn Muhannā]
Old Uyghur: [script needed] (úağun /kağun/) [1070 CE, Kutadgu Bilig]
- Chagatai: كاغين‎ (qavun)
  - Uzbek: qovun
    - → Tajik: қавун (qavun)
  - Uyghur: قوغۇن‎ (qoghun, “Hami melon”)
Kipchak:
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: коон (koon)
    - → Burushaski:
      Hunza: [Term?] (ġoón)
      Yasin: [Term?] (ġaún)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡауын (qawın)
  - Tatar: кавын (qawın)
    Western Tatar: кавын (qawın, “muskmelon”)
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: қауын (qawın)
  - Kazakh: қауын (qauyn)
  - Nogai: кавын (kavın)
- West Kipchak: qavun [14th c., Abū Ḥayyān][1]
  - Crimean Tatar: (“muskmelon”)
    Cyrillic: къавн
    Latin: qavn
  - Karaim: kawun (Lodz-Galician)
  - Karachay-Balkar: xawun (xawun)
  - Kumyk: qavun (qavun)
  - → Chuvash: кавӑн (kavăn, “pumpkin, squash”)
  - → Turkish: kavun (“muskmelon”)
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kāwun) [13th c.], [script needed] (kawun) [14th c.], [script needed] (kowun) [15th c.][5]
  - Azerbaijani:
    Afashari: qawun, qaụn, qaụ̄n
    Azerbaijani: qovun
    Firuzabadi: ğowu·n
    Qalaye Farhad-Xani: ğa̬wn
    Qorwai: ğaun
    Sonqori: ğown
  - Gagauz: kaun (“muskmelon”)
  - Ottoman Turkish: قاون‎ (kavun)
    - Turkish: kavun
    - → Arabic: قَاوُون‎ (qāwūn, “bitter melon, cantaloupe”)
      - Kurdish:
        → Northern Kurdish: qawin, qawûn
    - → Georgian: ყავუნი (q̇avuni) – Chveneburi
    - → Laz: კავონი (ǩavoni)
    - → Ukrainian: каву́н (kavún, “watermelon”) (or possibly from Tatar)
      - → Belarusian: каву́н (kavún)
      - → Polish: kawon
      - → Yiddish: קאַווענע‎ (kavene)
- Turkmen: gawun
  - → Shina: [script needed] (gawún)
Siberian Turkic:
- Old Uyghur: (/*qağun/, “watermelon”)[5]
  Han: [Term?] [14th c., Chin.-Uyğ. Dict.]
  Unspecified: [8th c., Bud.]
  - Western Yugur:[4]
    Dahei: qʰuwïn
    Western Yugur: qɔïn, quïn, qɔn, qun, qawïn, qawun
    - → East Yugur: ġūn
  - → Late Middle Mongol: (/*qawun/, “melon, muskmelon”)
    Han: 合溫 (qɔ̌-un) [1389 CE, Hua Yi yiyu]

References

Tenišev E. R., editor (2001) Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 139
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 157
Uray, G. (1954), “Duplication, gemination, and triplication in Tibetan”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, volume 4, issue 1/3, JSTOR 23682602
Nugteren, Hans; Ross, Marti (1996), “Common Vocabulary of the Western and Eastern Yugur Languages: The Turkic and Mongolic Loanwords”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, volume 49, issue 1/2, Akadémiai Kiadó, JSTOR 43391252
Clauson, Gerard (1972), “ka:ğu:n”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page ka:ğu:n
Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), “qaγun”, in Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka

[SIGTYA-1] Tenišev E. R., editor (2001) Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 139

[2] Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 157

[3] Uray, G. (1954), “Duplication, gemination, and triplication in Tibetan”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, volume 4, issue 1/3, JSTOR 23682602

[Nugteren-4] Nugteren, Hans; Ross, Marti (1996), “Common Vocabulary of the Western and Eastern Yugur Languages: The Turkic and Mongolic Loanwords”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, volume 49, issue 1/2, Akadémiai Kiadó, JSTOR 43391252

[Clauson-5] Clauson, Gerard (1972), “ka:ğu:n”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page ka:ğu:n

[6] Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), “qaγun”, in Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka