Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ka-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ka- (“interrogative stem”), Proto-Tungusic *xai- (“interrogative stem”), *xia- (“interrogative stem”).

Pronoun

*ka-

Interrogative stem.
Synonym: *nē-

Descendants

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kańu (“which”), *kańusï (“which of”)

Arghu:
- Arghu: قَنُو‎ (qanū)
  - Khalaj:
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: hansı
  - Ottoman Turkish:
- Salar:
- Turkmen: haýsy
- Old Khalaj: خَيُو‎ (xayū) (11th ce.)
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قَيُو‎ (qayū)
  - Chagatai:
    - Uyghur:
    - Uzbek:
Kipchak: *kay(ï), *kay(ï)sï
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡайһы (qayhı)
  - Tatar: кайсы (qaysı)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar:
  - Karachay-Balkar:
  - Karaim:
  - Kumyk:
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak:
    - Kazakh: қай (qai), қайсы (qaisy)
    - Nogai:
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysı)
    - Southern Altai: кай (kay), кайсы (kaysï)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qanu, qayu)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan:
  - Yakut: хая (xaya)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan:
    - Tofa:
    - Tuvan:
  - Yenisei:
    - Khakas: хайзы (xayzı)
    - Shor: қайзы (qayzï)

⇒ Proto-Oghuz: *kangï (“which”), *kangïsï (“which of”)
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani:
  - Ottoman Turkish:
    - Gagauz:
    - Turkish: hangi
⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanda (“where”)

Arghu:
- Khalaj:
Oghuz:
- Old Khalaj: خَنْدا‎ (xandā) (11th ce.)
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قَنْدا‎ (qandā)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanï (“where”)

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: hanı
  - Ottoman Turkish:
    - Turkish: hani
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قانى‎ (qānï), قَنیٖ‎ (qanï)

⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kačan (“when”)

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: haçan
  - Ottoman Turkish:
    - Turkish: haçan
- Salar:
- Turkmen: haçan
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak
  - Bashkir: ҡасан (qasan)
  - Tatar: кайчан (qayçan)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Kazakh: қашан (qaşan)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: качан (kaçan)
    - Southern Altai: качан (kačan)
Siberian
- North Siberian
  - Dolgan: каһан (kahan)
  - Yakut: хаһан (xahan)
- South Siberian
  - Yenisei
    - Shor: қачан (qačan)
    - Khakas: хаӌан (xacan)
  - Western Yugur: qačan
  - Northern Altai: каджан (kadžan), кайджан (kaydžan), каччан (kaččan), качан (kačan)

References

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074), Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), volume III, 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 218, 237