Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ka

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Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ka

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms

• *-ke

Suffix

*-ka

1. Suffix expressing the dative case.

   ‎*at (“horse”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*atka (“to a horse”)

Usage notes

1. If the word has one syllable and ends with a vowel, it takes the consonant *-n-. This also applies to all suffixes whose first letter is not an n or an m or a vowel.

   ‎*sẹ (“you”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*senke (“to you”)

   Based on this criteria, only the pronouns *ben and *sen can take this ending.

2. The third person possessive suffix is taken without the letter -k-.

   ‎*anïŋ ebi (“his/her/its house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*anïŋ ebine (“to his/her/its house”)

3. Words with first person and second person possessive suffixes already end with m and ŋ. In such cases, k decreases.

   ‎*sẹniŋ ebiŋ (“your house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*sẹniŋ ebiŋe (“to your house”)

   ‎*bẹniŋ ebim (“my house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*bẹniŋ ebime (“to my house”)

Related terms

• *-ni (“accusative case”)
• *-niŋ (“genitive case”)
• *-de (“locative case”)
• *-den (“ablative case”)
• *-meŕ (“present tense negative”)

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Bulgar: نَ-‎ (-ne, -na)
    • Chuvash: -на (-na)
• Common Turkic:

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: -a, -ya
    • Ottoman Turkish:
      • Turkish: -a, -ya
• Karluk:
  • Uzbek: -ga
• Kipchak:
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kazakh: -га (-ga)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰀-‎ (-ke)