< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic
Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/arpa
Proto-Turkic
Etymology
Possibly borrowed from Northeastern Iranian,[1][2] from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥pā́š (“barley”), or perhaps Tocharian,[3] both from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit. Alternatively from *ar- (“to multiply oneself, be numerous”), whence Old Turkic [script needed] (arka, “multitude, crowd”).[4] The term appears to be related to Proto-Mongolic *arbaï (“barley”) as well, possibly through borrowing. Compare also Mongolian арвай (arvaj), Dongxiang apa.[5][6]
Noun
*arpa[7][2]
- barley
Declension
Declension of *arpa
Singular 3) | |
---|---|
Nominative | *arpa |
Accusative | *arpanï, *arpanïg 1) |
Genitive | *arpanïŋ |
Dative | *arpaka |
Locative | *arpada |
Ablative | *arpadan |
Instrumental 2) | *arpan |
Equative 2) | *arpača |
1) Found in early Proto-Turkic.
2) The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
2) The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
Descendants
- Oghur:
- Chuvash: урпа (urp̬a)
- Common Turkic: *arpa
- Arghu:
- Khalaj: arpa
- Oghuz:
- Proto-Oghuz: *arpa
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (arpa)
- Azerbaijani: arpa
- Ottoman Turkish: آرپه (arpa)
- Gagauz: arpa
- Turkish: arpa
- Salar: arfa
- Turkmen: arpa
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (arpa)
- Proto-Oghuz: *arpa
- Karluk:
- Karakhanid: اَرْپا (arpa)
- Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (arpa)
- Chagatai: ارپا (arpa)
- Uzbek: arpa
- Uyghur: اپا (apa), ئارپا (arpa)
- Chagatai: ارپا (arpa)
- Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (arpa)
- Karakhanid: اَرْپا (arpa)
- Kipchak:
- Kipchak: ارپا (arpa)
- North Kipchak:
- Bashkir: арпа (arpa)
- Tatar: арпа (arpa)
- West Kipchak:
- Crimean Tatar: arpa
- Karachay-Balkar: арпа (arpa)
- Karaim: арпа
- Kumyk: арпа (arpa)
- South Kipchak:
- Caspian:
- Kazakh: арпа (arpa)
- Karakalpak: arpa
- Nogai: арпа (arpa)
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
- Kyrgyz: арпа (arpa)
- Southern Altai: арба (arba)
- Caspian:
- North Kipchak:
- Kipchak: ارپا (arpa)
- Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
- Old Uyghur: [script needed] (arpa)
- South Siberian
- Yenisei Turkic:
- Shor: арба
- Yenisei Turkic:
- Old Turkic:
- → Hungarian: árpa
- → Manchu: ᠠᡵᡶᠠ (arfa)
- → Proto-Mongolic: *arbaï
- Mongolian: арвай (arvaj)
- → Tuvan: арбай (arbay)
See also
Foods - *yẹ̄miĺčler, *yẹ̄miĺčsāyïn | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
barley: *arpa | beans, peas: *burčak | farro: *bodu (>*bodugay>*bogday “wheat”) | |||
jujube: *yidge | strawberry: *yidgelek | apple: *almïla | |||
hazelnut: *bōńurï | walnut: *yaŋgak | honey: *bạl | |||
millet: *tạrïg | onion: *sogan | salt: *tūŕ | |||
egg: *yumurtka | butter: *yāg | mushroom: *kömbe |
Further reading
- Hyllested, Adam (2014) Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact, Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Humanities, pages 32-33
References
- Jokl, Norbert (1911) Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung (Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 168) (in German), Vienna: A. Hölder, page 90
- Dybo, Anna (2014), “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica, volume 2, page 9
- Clauson, Gerard (1972), “?F arpa”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 198b
- Tatarincev, B. I. (2000–2008), “Proto-Turkic/arpa”, in Monguš D. A., editor, Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tuvinskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Tuvan Language] (in Russian), Novosibirsk: Nauka
- Tokat, Feyza (2014), “On the Common Words in Mongolian and the Turkish Dialects in Turkey”, in The Journal of International Social Research (Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi), volume 7, issue 32, ISSN 1307-9581, pages 185-198.
- Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation), Utrecht: LOT
- Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), “*arpa”, in Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Nauka, pages 460-461