< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъkъ
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
Nominal suffix, formed by rebracketing of *-kъ, typically appended to ancient u-stems. Can also be attached to o-stems to form derivatives of the specified object/property.
Suffix
*-ъkъ m
- Forms diminutives from old u-stem nouns
- *listъ (“leaf”) → *listъkъ (“leaflet, a small leaf”)
- *synъ (“son”) → *synъkъ (“boy, little son”)
- *bebrъ (“beaver”) → *bebrъkъ (“small beaver”)
- *medъ (“honey”) → *medъkъ (“honey product”)
- Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property (rare)
- *pętъ (“fifth”) → *pętъkъ (“Friday”)
- *četvьrtъ (“fourth”) → *četvьrtъkъ (“Thursday”)
- *pǫtevъ (“path-related”) → *pǫtъkъ (“footwear, shoe for walking”)
- *bělъ (“white”) → *bělъkъ (“albumen”)
- *žьltъ (“yellow”) → *žьltъkъ (“yolk”)
- *okrǫžьnъ (“circumferential”) → *krǫžьkъ (“circle, shape with circular form”)
- Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from
- *pěsъkъ (“sand”)
- Deverbal from the past participle in *-tъ, forms resultant nouns of the specified action
- *dobyti (“to extract”) → *dobytъ → *dobytъkъ (“stock”)
- *dati (“to give”) → *datъ → *datъkъ (“yield”)
- *zaperti (“to expire”) → *zapьrtъ → *zapъrtъkъ (“addle egg”)
- *začęti (“to conceive”) → *začętъ → *začętъkъ (“embryo, germ”)
- Deverbal, forms abstract nouns of the specified action
- *pominǫti (“to pass”) → *pominъkъ (“livelihood, means to survive”)
- *do (“to, nearby”) + *jьměti (“to have”) → *nedojьmъkъ (“poverty, lack of income”)
- Deverbal, forms an instance of the specified action
- *kyvati (“to knock, to hew”) → *kyvъkъ (“nod”)
- *telťì (“to shove, to pound”) → *tьlčьkъ (“push, impulse”)
- *mazati (“to anoint, to spread oil/paint”) → *mazъkъ (“dab, smear”)
- *glъtati (“to swallow”) → *glъtъkъ (“gulp”)
- Deverbal, forms tool or agent nouns for the specified action: -er
- Synonyms: *-ьcь, *-slo
- *strěľati (“to knock, to hew”) → *strělъkъ (“shooter”)
- *skrebti (“to scrape”) → *skrebъkъ (“scraper”)
- *gǫděti (“to buzz, to honk”) → *gǫdъkъ (“horn, buzzer”)
- *pьlzti (“to craw”) → dial. *pьlžьkъ (“slug”)
- From propositions, forms an instance of the specified action
- *perdъ (“in front”) → *perdъkъ (“ancestor”)
- *po + *tomь (“later on, over there”) → *potomъkъ (“descendant”)
Declension
Declension of *-ъkъ (hard o-stem)
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *-ъkъ | *-ъka | *-ъci |
Accusative | *-ъkъ | *-ъka | *-ъky |
Genitive | *-ъka | *-ъku | *-ъkъ |
Locative | *-ъcě | *-ъku | *-ъcěxъ |
Dative | *-ъku | *-ъkoma | *-ъkomъ |
Instrumental | *-ъkъmь, *-ъkomь* | *-ъkoma | *-ъky |
Vocative | *-ъče | *-ъka | *-ъci |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Etymology 2
Adjectival suffix with analogical origin as the nominal suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz (when appended to u-stems) and Proto-Germanic *-agaz (to o-stems).
In rare case, both the original u-stem form (reanalyzed as an o-stem) and the extended *-ъkъ are attested: e.g. Old Church Slavonic крѣпъ (krěpŭ) : крѣпъкъ (krěpŭkŭ).
Suffix
*-ъkъ
- From nouns or adverbs, forms adjectives with pertaining meaning: -y
- *kortъ (“piece, bit”) → *kortъkъ (“short”)
- *nizъ (“down, below”) → *nizъkъ (“nether, low”)
- *slizъ (“slime”) → *slizъkъ (“slippery”)
- *goře(stь) (“sorrow, woe, tribulation”) → *gorьkъ (“bitter”)
- *tęžе(stь) (“weight”) → *tęžьkъ (“heavy”)
- Deverbial from the past participle, forms adjectives which approximate the meaning of the participle: -ly (rare)
- *plyti (“to float”) → *plytъ (“sunk”) → *plytъkъ (“shallow”)
- *pry(g)ti (“to spring, to jump”) → *prytъ (“sprung”) → *prytъkъ (“agile, nimble”)
- *viti (“to curve, to wind”) → *vitъ (“curved”) → *vitъkъ (“curvу, twisty”)
- *biti (“to beat, to fight”) → *bitъ (“beaten”) → *bitъkъ (“feisty, military”)
- (Extension) From former u-stem adjective (some of them surviving as re-analyzed o-stems), forms their doublets
- *gladъ → *gladъkъ (“smooth, plain”)
- *dьrzъ → *dьrzъkъ (“daring, bald”)
- *krěpъ → *krěpъkъ (“solid, firm”)
- *krěxъ → *krěxъkъ (“soft, mild”)
- **lьgъ → *lьgъkъ (“light”)
- **mělъ → *mělъkъ (“small, finely ground”)
- **tьnъ → *tьnъkъ (“thin”)
Alternative forms
- *-ьkъ (when attached to yu-stems or spread from the ancient comparative in *-jьš-)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *-ъkъ (hard)
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *-ъkъ | *-ъka | *-ъko |
Accusative | *-ъkъ | *-ъkǫ | *-ъko |
Genitive | *-ъka | *-ъky | *-ъka |
Locative | *-ъcě | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
Dative | *-ъku | *-ъcě | *-ъku |
Instrumental | *-ъkomь | *-ъkojǫ | *-ъkomь |
Vocative | *-ъče | *-ъko | *-ъko |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-ъka | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
Accusative | *-ъka | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
Genitive | *-ъku | *-ъku | *-ъku |
Locative | *-ъku | *-ъku | *-ъku |
Dative | *-ъkoma | *-ъkama | *-ъkoma |
Instrumental | *-ъkoma | *-ъkama | *-ъkoma |
Vocative | *-ъka | *-ъcě | *-ъcě |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-ъci | *-ъky | *-ъka |
Accusative | *-ъky | *-ъky | *-ъka |
Genitive | *-ъkъ | *-ъkъ | *-ъkъ |
Locative | *-ъcěxъ | *-ъkaxъ | *-ъcěxъ |
Dative | *-ъkomъ | *-ъkamъ | *-ъkomъ |
Instrumental | *-ъky | *-ъkami | *-ъky |
Vocative | *-ъci | *-ъky | *-ъka |
Definite declension of *-ъkъ (hard)
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *-ъkъjь | *-ъkaja | *-ъkoje |
Accusative | *-ъkъjь | *-ъkǫjǫ | *-ъkoje |
Genitive | *-ъkajego | *-ъkyję | *-ъkajego |
Locative | *-ъcějemь | *-ъcěji | *-ъcějemь |
Dative | *-ъkujemu | *-ъcěji | *-ъkujemu |
Instrumental | *-ъkyjimi | *-ъkǫjǫ | *-ъkyjimi |
Vocative | *-ъkъjь | *-ъkaja | *-ъkoje |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-ъkaja | *-ъcěji | *-ъcěji |
Accusative | *-ъkaja | *-ъcěji | *-ъcěji |
Genitive | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju |
Locative | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju | *-ъkuju |
Dative | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima |
Instrumental | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima | *-ъkyjima |
Vocative | *-ъkaja | *-ъcěji | *-ъcěji |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | *-ъciji | *-ъkyję | *-ъkaja |
Accusative | *-ъkyję | *-ъkyję | *-ъkaja |
Genitive | *-ъkъjixъ | *-ъkъjixъ | *-ъkъjixъ |
Locative | *-ъkyjixъ | *-ъkyjixъ | *-ъkyjixъ |
Dative | *-ъkyjimъ | *-ъkyjimъ | *-ъkyjimъ |
Instrumental | *-ъkyjimi | *-ъkyjimi | *-ъkyjimi |
Vocative | *-ъciji | *-ъkyję | *-ъkaja |
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ъkъ
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ьkъ
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)
- Belarusian: -ок (-ok), -ак (-ak)
- Russian: -ок (-ok)
- Ukrainian: -ок (-ok)
- Old East Slavic: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)
- Glagolitic: -ⱏⰽⱏ (-ŭkŭ)
- Bulgarian: -ък (-ǎk)
- Macedonian: -ок (-ok)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: -ак
- Latin: -ak
- Slovene: -ek
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Czech: -ek
- Kashubian: -k
- Polish: -ek
- Slovak: -ok
- Slovincian: -k
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: -k
- Lower Sorbian: -k
References
- Šekli, Matej (2012), “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies (in Slovene), volume 10, issue 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32
- Halla-aho, Jussi (2006) Problems of Proto-Slavic Historical Nominal Morphology: On the Basis of Old Church Slavic (Slavica Helsingiensia; 26), Helsinki: University of Helsinki, page 100