< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žuti
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Earlier root-stem form of Proto-Slavic *žьvati (“to chew”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁-. Akin to Proto-Germanic *kewwaną (“to chew”), Tocharian B śuwaṃ (“to eat”).
Verb
*žuti pf or impf[1]
- to chew, to gnaw, to masticate
Inflection
Conjugation of *žuti, *žu, *žьvetь (perf., -V/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *žutьje | *žuti | *žutъ | *žulъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *žutъ | — |
| Active | *žuvъ | — |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *žuxъ | *žu | *žu | *žьvǫ | *žьveši | *žьvetь |
| Dual | *žuxově | *žusta | *žuste | *žьvevě | *žьveta | *žьvete |
| Plural | *žuxomъ | *žuste | *žušę | *žьvemъ | *žьvete | *žьvǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | — | — | — | — | *žьvi | *žьvi |
| Dual | — | — | — | *žьvěvě | *žьvěta | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | *žьvěmъ | *žьvěte | — |
- Notes:
- In perfective verbs, present expresses future
Within some daughter languages (partially blended with *žьvati):
Conjugation of *žuti, *žu, *žujetь (impf., -V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *žutьje | *žuti | *žutъ | *žulъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *žutъ | *žujemъ |
| Active | *žuvъ | *žuję |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *žuxъ | *žu | *žu | *žujǫ | *žuješi | *žujetь |
| Dual | *žuxově | *žusta | *žuste | *žujevě | *žujeta | *žujete |
| Plural | *žuxomъ | *žuste | *žušę | *žujemъ | *žujete | *žujǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *žujaaxъ | *žujaaše | *žujaaše | — | *žuji | *žuji |
| Dual | *žujaaxově | *žujaašeta | *žujaašete | *žujivě | *žujita | — |
| Plural | *žujaaxomъ | *žujaašete | *žujaaxǫ | *žujimъ | *žujite | — |
Derived terms
- *žuvačь m, *žujьka f (agent nouns)
- *žuka, *žuna (“buccal cavity”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old Ukrainian: жути (žuti)
- Ukrainian: жу́ти (žúty) (obsolescent)
- Old Ukrainian: жути (žuti)
- South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: жва pf (žva), жву́я impf (žvúja) (obsolescent, dialectal)
- ⇒ Bulgarian: жево́ля (ževólja, “to grind with teeth”)
- Macedonian: жве (žve) (obsolete)
- Bulgarian: жва pf (žva), жву́я impf (žvúja) (obsolescent, dialectal)
- West Slavic:
- Czech: žut[2], žít[3]
- Old Polish: żuć (zvcz)
- Polish: żuć (partially)
- Slovak: žuť (partially)
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: žuś[4] (partially)
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “жевать”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. (1993), “жевать”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1 (а – пантомима), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 294
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “жеволя”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 529
- А. В. Зеленин; Д. В. Руднев (2018), “Связочный глагол слыть: история модализации”, in Русский язык в научном освещении, issue 1 (35), Moscow: ИРЯ РАН, page 87
- Miguel Villanueva Svensson (2011), “The accentuation of the infinitive type Latv. kal̃t, Sl. *kőlti and the development of Indo-European molō-presents in Balto-Slavic”, in Baltistica, ISSN 2345-0045, page 311
References
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “žuti: ? [žьvǫ žьvetь / [žijǫ žijetь]]”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (SA 204, 207, 238; PR 139)”
- František Št. Kott (1887), “žuti”, in Česko-německý slovník zvláště grammaticko-fraseologický (in Czech), Prague: František Šimáček, page 879
- František Št. Kott (1887), “2. žíti”, in Česko-německý slovník zvláště grammaticko-fraseologický (in Czech), Prague: František Šimáček, page 838
- Muka, Arnošt (1928), “žuś”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), volume 2, Prague: ČAVU, page 1162; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008