< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žestъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
See Proto-Slavic *žestokъ.
Adjective
*žestъ
- rigid, hard, stiff
- Synonyms: *tvьrdъ, *koravъ
Declension
Indefinite declension of *žestъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *žestъ | *žesta | *žesto |
| Accusative | *žestъ | *žestǫ | *žesto |
| Genitive | *žesta | *žesty | *žesta |
| Locative | *žestě | *žestě | *žestě |
| Dative | *žestu | *žestě | *žestu |
| Instrumental | *žestomь | *žestojǫ | *žestomь |
| Vocative | *žeste | *žesto | *žesto |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *žesta | *žestě | *žestě |
| Accusative | *žesta | *žestě | *žestě |
| Genitive | *žestu | *žestu | *žestu |
| Locative | *žestu | *žestu | *žestu |
| Dative | *žestoma | *žestama | *žestoma |
| Instrumental | *žestoma | *žestama | *žestoma |
| Vocative | *žesta | *žestě | *žestě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *žesti | *žesty | *žesta |
| Accusative | *žesty | *žesty | *žesta |
| Genitive | *žestъ | *žestъ | *žestъ |
| Locative | *žestěxъ | *žestaxъ | *žestěxъ |
| Dative | *žestomъ | *žestamъ | *žestomъ |
| Instrumental | *žesty | *žestami | *žesty |
| Vocative | *žesti | *žesty | *žesta |
Definite declension of *žestъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *žestъjь | *žestaja | *žestoje |
| Accusative | *žestъjь | *žestǫjǫ | *žestoje |
| Genitive | *žestajego | *žestyję | *žestajego |
| Locative | *žestějemь | *žestěji | *žestějemь |
| Dative | *žestujemu | *žestěji | *žestujemu |
| Instrumental | *žestyjimi | *žestǫjǫ | *žestyjimi |
| Vocative | *žestъjь | *žestaja | *žestoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *žestaja | *žestěji | *žestěji |
| Accusative | *žestaja | *žestěji | *žestěji |
| Genitive | *žestuju | *žestuju | *žestuju |
| Locative | *žestuju | *žestuju | *žestuju |
| Dative | *žestyjima | *žestyjima | *žestyjima |
| Instrumental | *žestyjima | *žestyjima | *žestyjima |
| Vocative | *žestaja | *žestěji | *žestěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *žestiji | *žestyję | *žestaja |
| Accusative | *žestyję | *žestyję | *žestaja |
| Genitive | *žestъjixъ | *žestъjixъ | *žestъjixъ |
| Locative | *žestyjixъ | *žestyjixъ | *žestyjixъ |
| Dative | *žestyjimъ | *žestyjimъ | *žestyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *žestyjimi | *žestyjimi | *žestyjimi |
| Vocative | *žestiji | *žestyję | *žestaja |
Derived terms
- *žestъkъ (“hard, rigid”), *žestokъ (“hard, harsh, bitter, severe”) (k-extensions)
- *žestěti, *žestiti (“to harden, to stiffen”)
- *žestostь (“hardness, severity”)
- *žestyľь, *žestika (“type of maple”) (South Slavic)
- *žestosьrdъ (“ungrateful”) (literally: stone-hearted)
Related terms
- *žestь, *žestina (“rigidity, stiffness”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: жестъ (žestŭ)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: жестъ (žestŭ)
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “жёсткий”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress