< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ľutъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Perhaps a relic t-participle of Proto-Balto-Slavic *ljáutei, maybe conveying “to thrill, to surge” (per Mladenov). According to Endzelīns, akin to Latvian ļaũns (“evil, wicked”), ļoti (“highly, excessively”) (adverb), while Toporov considers potential relation to Lithuanian liáutis (“to cease, to stop oneself”). Compare also Proto-Germanic *leuþą (“song, appraisal”).
Adjective
*ľutъ[1]
- harsh, cruel, severe
- Synonyms: *žestokъ, *surovъ, *grǫbъ
- (by extension) spicy, pungent, abrasive (for taste)
- (figurative) angry, fierce, violent, bloodthirsty (for person, animal)
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *ľutъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ľutъ | *ľuta | *ľuto |
| Accusative | *ľutъ | *ľutǫ | *ľuto |
| Genitive | *ľuta | *ľuty | *ľuta |
| Locative | *ľutě | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| Dative | *ľutu | *ľutě | *ľutu |
| Instrumental | *ľutomь | *ľutojǫ | *ľutomь |
| Vocative | *ľute | *ľuto | *ľuto |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ľuta | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| Accusative | *ľuta | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| Genitive | *ľutu | *ľutu | *ľutu |
| Locative | *ľutu | *ľutu | *ľutu |
| Dative | *ľutoma | *ľutama | *ľutoma |
| Instrumental | *ľutoma | *ľutama | *ľutoma |
| Vocative | *ľuta | *ľutě | *ľutě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ľuti | *ľuty | *ľuta |
| Accusative | *ľuty | *ľuty | *ľuta |
| Genitive | *ľutъ | *ľutъ | *ľutъ |
| Locative | *ľutěxъ | *ľutaxъ | *ľutěxъ |
| Dative | *ľutomъ | *ľutamъ | *ľutomъ |
| Instrumental | *ľuty | *ľutami | *ľuty |
| Vocative | *ľuti | *ľuty | *ľuta |
Definite declension of *ľutъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ľutъjь | *ľutaja | *ľutoje |
| Accusative | *ľutъjь | *ľutǫjǫ | *ľutoje |
| Genitive | *ľutajego | *ľutyję | *ľutajego |
| Locative | *ľutějemь | *ľutěji | *ľutějemь |
| Dative | *ľutujemu | *ľutěji | *ľutujemu |
| Instrumental | *ľutyjimi | *ľutǫjǫ | *ľutyjimi |
| Vocative | *ľutъjь | *ľutaja | *ľutoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ľutaja | *ľutěji | *ľutěji |
| Accusative | *ľutaja | *ľutěji | *ľutěji |
| Genitive | *ľutuju | *ľutuju | *ľutuju |
| Locative | *ľutuju | *ľutuju | *ľutuju |
| Dative | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima |
| Instrumental | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima | *ľutyjima |
| Vocative | *ľutaja | *ľutěji | *ľutěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ľutiji | *ľutyję | *ľutaja |
| Accusative | *ľutyję | *ľutyję | *ľutaja |
| Genitive | *ľutъjixъ | *ľutъjixъ | *ľutъjixъ |
| Locative | *ľutyjixъ | *ľutyjixъ | *ľutyjixъ |
| Dative | *ľutyjimъ | *ľutyjimъ | *ľutyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *ľutyjimi | *ľutyjimi | *ľutyjimi |
| Vocative | *ľutiji | *ľutyję | *ľutaja |
Derived terms
- *ľutiti, *ľutěti (sę), *ľutovati
- *ľuto (“evil, wickedness”)
- *ľutьcь, *ľutica, *ľutunъ (“evil, wicked person or animal”)
- *ľutakъ, *ľutikъ, *ľutiťь, *ľutičę (type of pungent herb)
- *ľutostь, *ľutina, *ľutyni (“rugness, harshness, fierceness”)
- *ľutъkъ, *ľutьnъ, *ľutovъ
- *ľutivъ, *ľutěnъ
- *ľutivъka, *ľutěnica (“bitter, spicy appetizer”)
Related terms
- *loviti (“to hunt”)
- *luska, *luspa (“shell, scale”)
- *ludъ (“mad”) (possibly)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: лютъ (ljutŭ), лютꙑи (ljutyj)
- Belarusian: лю́ты (ljúty)
- Russian: лю́тый (ljútyj)
- Ukrainian: лю́тий (ljútyj)
- Old East Slavic: лютъ (ljutŭ), лютꙑи (ljutyj)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: лютъ (ljutŭ)
- Bulgarian: лют (ljut)
- Macedonian: лут (lut)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: љу̑т
- Latin: ljȗt
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: ľútý
- Czech: lítý
- Old Polish: luty
- Polish: luty (“biting, cold (for weather)”)
- Slovak: ľútý
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: luty (“pure”)
- Old Czech: ľútý
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “лютый”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1988), “*ljutъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 15 (*lětina – *lokačь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 231
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1986), “лют”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 581
- “liautis”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “ljutъ ljuta ljuto”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (SA 108, 110; PR 136)”