< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xapati
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Onomatopoeic. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʰap-, but it is nowadays reconstructed as *keh₂p- and would therefore be a separate onomatopoeia.
Morphologically, could be an intensive form of Proto-Slavic *xopiti (“to grab”) (with enlonged grade) + *-jeti.
Verb
*xāpàti impf (perfective *xapnǫti)[1][2]
- to seize, to snatch, to snap (in West, East Slavic; Slovene)
- to bite (in South Slavic)
- Synonym: *gryzati
Inflection
Conjugation of *xapati, *xapa, *xapľetь (impf., -a/j-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)
Suffix: *-ati
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *xapanьje | *xapati | *xapatъ | *xapalъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *xapanъ | *xapľemъ |
| Active | *xapavъ | *xapľę |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *xapaxъ | *xapa | *xapa | *xapľǫ | *xapľeši | *xapľetь |
| Dual | *xapaxově | *xapasta | *xapaste | *xapľevě | *xapľeta | *xapľete |
| Plural | *xapaxomъ | *xapaste | *xapašę | *xapľemъ | *xapľete | *xapľǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *xapaaxъ | *xapaaše | *xapaaše | — | *xapľi | *xapľi |
| Dual | *xapaaxově | *xapaašeta | *xapaašete | *xapľivě | *xapľita | — |
| Plural | *xapaaxomъ | *xapaašete | *xapaaxǫ | *xapľimъ | *xapľite | — |
Conjugation of *xapati, *xapa, *xapajetь (impf., -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)
Suffix: *-ati
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *xapanьje | *xapati | *xapatъ | *xapalъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *xapanъ | *xapajemъ |
| Active | *xapavъ | *xapaję |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *xapaxъ | *xapa | *xapa | *xapajǫ | *xapaješi | *xapajetь |
| Dual | *xapaxově | *xapasta | *xapaste | *xapajevě | *xapajeta | *xapajete |
| Plural | *xapaxomъ | *xapaste | *xapašę | *xapajemъ | *xapajete | *xapajǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *xapaaxъ | *xapaaše | *xapaaše | — | *xapaji | *xapaji |
| Dual | *xapaaxově | *xapaašeta | *xapaašete | *xapajivě | *xapajita | — |
| Plural | *xapaaxomъ | *xapaašete | *xapaaxǫ | *xapajimъ | *xapajite | — |
Derived terms
- *jьzxapati
- *zaxapati
- *naxapati
- *oxapati
- *otъxapati
- *perxapati
- *poxapati
- *xapъka (“bite”) (in South Slavic)
- *xapъkъ (“gainful, lucrative”)
Related terms
- *xopiti (“to grasp”)
- *čapati (“to peck, to strike off”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: хапати (xapati, “to seize, to bite, to sting, to trample”) (11th century; accent paradigm b)
- Belarusian: хапа́ць (xapácʹ, “to grab”)
- Russian: ха́пать (xápatʹ, “to seize, to grab”)
- Ukrainian: хапа́ти (xapáty, “to seize, to steal, to grab”)
- Old East Slavic: хапати (xapati, “to seize, to bite, to sting, to trample”) (11th century; accent paradigm b)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: хапьѭще (xapĭjǫšte, “(while) biting”, nom. masc. pl. pres. act. part.)
- Bulgarian: ха́пя (hápja, “to bite”)
- Macedonian: апе (ape, “to bite”)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: апати (“to bite, to sting”) (dialectal)
- Latin: apati (“to bite, to sting”) (dialectal)
- Slovene: hȃpati (“to snap, (reflexive) to seize”) (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Czech: chápat (“to grasp, to understand, to seize”)
- Polish: chapać (“to seize”)
- → Yiddish: כאַפּן (khapn)
- Slovak: сháраť (“to understand”)
- Slovincian: χȧ̃păc (“to seize”)
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: chapjaś
Further reading
- Chernykh, P. (1993), “ха́пать”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 333
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xapati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 18
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “ха́пать”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*xāpàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 202: “v. (b) ‘seize’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “xapati: xapjǫ xapjetь”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b gribe (SA 210; PR 137)”