Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vьrsta

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative forms

*vьrstva

Etymology

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn, rotate”). Akin to Lithuanian var̃stas.

Noun

*vьrsta f

row, line
age
kind

Inflection

Declension of *vьrsta (hard a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*vьrsta	*vьrstě	*vьrsty
Accusative	*vьrstǫ	*vьrstě	*vьrsty
Genitive	*vьrsty	*vьrstu	*vьrstъ
Locative	*vьrstě	*vьrstu	vьrstasъ, vьrstaxъ^*
Dative	*vьrstě	*vьrstama	*vьrstamъ
Instrumental	vьrstojǫ, vьrstǫ^**	*vьrstama	*vьrstami
Vocative	*vьrsto	*vьrstě	*vьrsty

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: вьрста (vĭrsta)
  - Old Ruthenian: верста (versta)
    - Belarusian: вярста́ (vjarstá)
    - Ukrainian: верства́ (verstvá)
  - Russian: верста́ (verstá)
    - → Polish: wiorsta
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: врьста (vrĭsta)
  - Bulgarian: връст (vrǎst) (dialectal)
  - Macedonian: врста (vrsta)
  - → Romanian: vârstă
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: вр́ста
  Latin: vŕsta
- Slovene: vŕst (obsolete), vŕsta
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: vrstva
  - Czech: vrstva
    - Bohemian (Chod dialect): brstva
- Polish: warstwa
- Slovak: vrstva
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: woršta