< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-vъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-was, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós, one of the suffixes from the so-called Caland system. As with other simple suffixes, *-vъ could be agglutinated to other morphemes forming compound suffixes like *-avъ (e.g. *glupavъ ← *glupъ), *-ivъ (e.g. *adušivъ ← *aduxa), *-ovъ (e.g. *surovъ ← *syrъ).
Historically, *-vъ has been used to form perfect active participles or pure adjectives from verb roots. Later on, some forms were reanalyzed into nouns. This was sometimes accompanied with prosodic alteration of the root.
Suffix 1
*-vъ
- From thematic declension of u-stem proto-adjectives, without independent base
- *novъ (“new”)
- *terzvъ (“sober”)
- *pьrvъ (“first”)
- *sъdorvъ (“healthy”)
- Deverbal, forming attributive adjectives
- *lajati (“to lurk, to ambush”) → *lěvъ (“left”)
- *perti (“to propel, to beat”) → *pravъ (“straight, right”)
- *merti (“to deprive, to die”) → *mьrtvъ (“dead”)
- *krojiti (“to fashion, to cut”) → *krivъ (“curved”)
- *sijati (“to shine, to shimmer”) → *sivъ (“gray”)
- Deverbal, forming past imperfect participles
- *byti (“to be”) → *byvъ (“former”)
- *stojati (“to stand”) → *stojěvъ (“who used to be situated, stood”)
- (Extension) Denominal or deadjectivcal, forming possessive, pertaining or more expressive versions of the original adjective
- Appended to stems in *-ъ, yielding *-ovъ (see there for examples)
- Appended to stems in *-a, yielding *-avъ (see there for examples)
- Appended to stems in *-ь, yielding *-ivъ (see there for examples)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *-vъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *-vъ | *-va | *-vo |
| Accusative | *-vъ | *-vǫ | *-vo |
| Genitive | *-va | *-vy | *-va |
| Locative | *-vě | *-vě | *-vě |
| Dative | *-vu | *-vě | *-vu |
| Instrumental | *-vomь | *-vojǫ | *-vomь |
| Vocative | *-ve | *-vo | *-vo |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *-va | *-vě | *-vě |
| Accusative | *-va | *-vě | *-vě |
| Genitive | *-vu | *-vu | *-vu |
| Locative | *-vu | *-vu | *-vu |
| Dative | *-voma | *-vama | *-voma |
| Instrumental | *-voma | *-vama | *-voma |
| Vocative | *-va | *-vě | *-vě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *-vi | *-vy | *-va |
| Accusative | *-vy | *-vy | *-va |
| Genitive | *-vъ | *-vъ | *-vъ |
| Locative | *-věxъ | *-vaxъ | *-věxъ |
| Dative | *-vomъ | *-vamъ | *-vomъ |
| Instrumental | *-vy | *-vami | *-vy |
| Vocative | *-vi | *-vy | *-va |
Definite declension of *-vъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *-vъjь | *-vaja | *-voje |
| Accusative | *-vъjь | *-vǫjǫ | *-voje |
| Genitive | *-vajego | *-vyję | *-vajego |
| Locative | *-vějemь | *-věji | *-vějemь |
| Dative | *-vujemu | *-věji | *-vujemu |
| Instrumental | *-vyjimi | *-vǫjǫ | *-vyjimi |
| Vocative | *-vъjь | *-vaja | *-voje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *-vaja | *-věji | *-věji |
| Accusative | *-vaja | *-věji | *-věji |
| Genitive | *-vuju | *-vuju | *-vuju |
| Locative | *-vuju | *-vuju | *-vuju |
| Dative | *-vyjima | *-vyjima | *-vyjima |
| Instrumental | *-vyjima | *-vyjima | *-vyjima |
| Vocative | *-vaja | *-věji | *-věji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *-viji | *-vyję | *-vaja |
| Accusative | *-vyję | *-vyję | *-vaja |
| Genitive | *-vъjixъ | *-vъjixъ | *-vъjixъ |
| Locative | *-vyjixъ | *-vyjixъ | *-vyjixъ |
| Dative | *-vyjimъ | *-vyjimъ | *-vyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *-vyjimi | *-vyjimi | *-vyjimi |
| Vocative | *-viji | *-vyję | *-vaja |
Suffix 2
*-vъ m
- Deverbal, forming "factive" action nouns from imperfect verbs
- *grěti (“to heat, to shine”) → *grěvъ (“warming, shining”)
- *pěti (“to sing”) → *pěvъ (“couplet, refrain (of a song)”)
- *zijati (“to gape”) → *zěvъ (“gullet, pharynx”)
- *po (“on”) + *kryti (“to hide, to cover”) → *pokryvъ (“roof, ceiling”)
- *ryti (“to dig”) → *ryvъ (“burst”)
- Deverbal, forming abstract or collective nouns from verbs
- *glijati (“to mix clay and water”) → *glěvъ (“slime”)
- *gňiti (“to gnaw”) → *gněvъ (“anger”)
- possibly *merti (“to die”) → *morvъ (“ant”) (former i-stem)
- *verti (“to turn, to curve”) → *vьrvь (“rope”) (i-stem)
- *dьržati (“to hold”) → *dьržava (“state”) (ā-stem)
- *piti (“to drink”) → *pivo (“beverage”)
- From abstract nouns in *-st-, forms abstract neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ьstvo (see there for examples)
- From causative verbs in *-iti, forms resultant or instrumental neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ivo (see there for examples)
Declension
Declension of *-vъ (hard o-stem)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *-vъ | *-va | *-vi |
| Accusative | *-vъ | *-va | *-vy |
| Genitive | *-va | *-vu | *-vъ |
| Locative | *-vě | *-vu | *-věxъ |
| Dative | *-vu | *-voma | *-vomъ |
| Instrumental | *-vъmь, *-vomь* | *-voma | *-vy |
| Vocative | *-ve | *-va | *-vi |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-vъ
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: -въ (-vŭ)
- Belarusian: -в (-v)
- Russian: -в (-v), -вый (-vyj)
- Ukrainian: -в (-v), -вий (-vyj)
- Old East Slavic: -въ (-vŭ)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Cyrillic: -въ (-vŭ)
- Glagolitic: -ⰲⱏ (-vŭ)
- Bulgarian: -в (-v)
- Macedonian: -в (-v)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: -в
- Latin: -v
- Slovene: -v
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Czech: -ví
- Polish: -wy
- Slovak: -v
Further reading
- Duridunov et al. (1991): "Наставки на -v-" in Граматика на Старобългарския език (in Bulgarian), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 178
- J. Halla-aho (2006): "u-stem adjectives" in Problems of Proto-Slavic Historical Nominal Morphology, University of Helsenki, p. 89