< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vorgъ
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *wargás (“foe, enemy”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *Hwergʰ- (“to commit a crime”).
Noun
*vȏrgъ m[1][2][3][4]
- foe, enemy
Inflection
Declension of *vȏrgъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *vȏrgъ | *vȏrga | *vȏrdzi |
Accusative | *vȏrgъ | *vȏrga | *vȏrgy |
Genitive | *vȏrga | *vorgù | *võrgъ |
Locative | *vȏrdzě | *vorgù | *vordzě̃xъ |
Dative | *vȏrgu | *vorgomà | *vorgòmъ |
Instrumental | *vȏrgъmь, *vȏrgomь* | *vorgomà | *vorgý |
Vocative | *vorže | *vȏrga | *vȏrdzi |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
- *vorgovati (“to be in hostile relation”)
- *voržьda (“animosity”)
- *voržьjь (“hostile”)
Related terms
- *voržati (“to ambush; to curse”)
- *voržařь (“evil sorcerer”)
- *voržiti (“to cheat, to deceive”)
- *vьrčěti (“to grumble, to utter”)
- *vorčь (“fortune-teller”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: ворогъ (vorogŭ)
- Old Ruthenian: ворогъ (voroh)
- Belarusian: во́раг (vórah)
- Rusyn: ворог (voroh)
- Ukrainian: во́рог (vóroh)
- Russian: во́рог (vórog) (poetic)
- Old Ruthenian: ворогъ (voroh)
- Old East Slavic: ворогъ (vorogŭ)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: врагъ (vragŭ)
- Glagolitic: ⰲⱃⰰⰳⱏ (vragŭ)
- → Russian: вра́г (vrág)
- → Rusyn: враг (vrah)
- → Ukrainian: вра́г (vráh), ура́г (uráh)
- Bulgarian: враг (vrag)
- Macedonian: враг (vrag)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: вра̑г
- Latin: vrȃg
- Slovene: vrȃg (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: vrah
- Czech: vrah
- Kashubian: warg
- Old Polish: wróg
- Polish: wróg
- Slovak: vrah
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: wróh
- Old Czech: vrah
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “ворог”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “ворожить”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “враг¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 177
Etymology 2
Presumably o-grade of Proto-Slavic *vergti (“to roll; to throw”), from Proto-Indo-European *werg- (“to turn”) or *wergʷ- (“to cast”). Alternatively reconstructed as Proto-Slavic *vьragъ, akin to Proto-Slavic *vьrěti (“to spring”).
Noun
*vòrgъ m
- ravine, gorge
Inflection
Declension of *vorgъ (hard o-stem)
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *vorgъ | *vorga | *vordzi |
Accusative | *vorgъ | *vorga | *vorgy |
Genitive | *vorga | *vorgu | *vorgъ |
Locative | *vordzě | *vorgu | *vordzěxъ |
Dative | *vorgu | *vorgoma | *vorgomъ |
Instrumental | *vorgъmь, *vorgomь* | *vorgoma | *vorgy |
Vocative | *vorže | *vorga | *vordzi |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
- *ovorgъ/*ovьragъ
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: врагъ (vragŭ)
- ⇒ Russian: овра́г (ovrág)
- South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: враг (vrag, “dale, gorge; large wound”), овра́г (ovrág, “ravine”) (dialectal)
- Non-Slavic:
- → Aromanian: vrag (“furrow”)
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “овраг”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “враг²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 178
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*vȏrgъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 527: “m. o (c) ‘foe’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “vorgъ vorga”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “cb (PR 134); (SA 70, 167; PR 137); d (RPT 105)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “vrȃg”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “*vȏrgъ”
- Kapović, Mate (2007), “The Development of Proto-Slavic Quantity”, in Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch, University of Vienna, page 6: “*vȏrgъ”