Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vidla

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably originally plural form of **vidlo, from *viti (“to bend, twist”) +‎ *-dlo

Noun

*vidla f

pitchfork

Declension

Declension of *vidla (hard a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*vidla	*vidlě	*vidly
Accusative	*vidlǫ	*vidlě	*vidly
Genitive	*vidly	*vidlu	*vidlъ
Locative	*vidlě	*vidlu	vidlasъ, vidlaxъ^*
Dative	*vidlě	*vidlama	*vidlamъ
Instrumental	vidlojǫ, vidlǫ^**	*vidlama	*vidlami
Vocative	*vidlo	*vidlě	*vidly

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: вила (vila)
  - Belarusian: ві́ла (víla), ві́лы pl (víly), відэ́лец (vidéljec, “fork”), ві́лка (vílka, “fork”)
  - Russian: ви́ла f (víla), ви́лы pl (víly), ви́лка (vílka, “fork”)
  - Ukrainian: ви́ла (výla), ви́лка (výlka, “fork”), виде́лка (vydélka, “fork”)
- Old Novgorodian: вигла (vigla)
  - → Estonian: vigl
South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: ви́ла f (víla), ви́лица (vílica), ви́лка (vílka)
- Macedonian: вила (vila), вилушка (viluška, “fork”)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: ви̏ле̄ pl, виљушка, ви̏лица
  Latin: vȉlē pl, viljuška, vȉlica
- Slovene: víle, vílice pl (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: vidly
  - Czech: vidle pl
    - Bohemian (Chod dialect): bídle
    - Moravian (Mistřice): vidu̯i
- Kashubian: widłë pl
- Old Polish: widły pl
  - Polish: widły pl
- Slovak: vidly pl, vidlička (“fork”)
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: widły pl, widlički pl (“fork”)
  - Lower Sorbian: widły pl, widlicki pl

References

Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “вила”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
Chernykh, P. (1993), “вилы”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1 (а – пантомима), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 151
Martynov V. V. (1983) Язык в пространстве и времени: к проблеме глоттогенеза славян, Moscow: Nauka, page 84
Trubačev O. N. (1966) Ремесленная терминология в славянских языках: этимология и опыт групповой реконструкции, Moscow: Nauka, page 111