< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/verdьnъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
South Slavic isogloss, with dubious origin. The main two hypotheses for its etymology are:
- Native origin: According to St. Mladenov, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰ- (“to raise”), cognate with Sanskrit वर्धति (vardhati, “to grow, to elevate”), Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (varədaiti, “to enlarge”). Probably akin to Proto-Slavic *verdъ, though, certainly not in its attested meaning wart, wound. See there for further discussion.
- Borrowing: Built on the basis of Old High German werd (“worth”), from Proto-Germanic *werþaz. Probably borrowed around 9th century.
Georgiev and Skok remain inconclusive.
Adjective
*verdьnъ
- worthy
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *verdьnъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *verdьnъ | *verdьna | *verdьno |
| Accusative | *verdьnъ | *verdьnǫ | *verdьno |
| Genitive | *verdьna | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| Locative | *verdьně | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| Dative | *verdьnu | *verdьně | *verdьnu |
| Instrumental | *verdьnomь | *verdьnojǫ | *verdьnomь |
| Vocative | *verdьne | *verdьno | *verdьno |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| Accusative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| Genitive | *verdьnu | *verdьnu | *verdьnu |
| Locative | *verdьnu | *verdьnu | *verdьnu |
| Dative | *verdьnoma | *verdьnama | *verdьnoma |
| Instrumental | *verdьnoma | *verdьnama | *verdьnoma |
| Vocative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *verdьni | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| Accusative | *verdьny | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| Genitive | *verdьnъ | *verdьnъ | *verdьnъ |
| Locative | *verdьněxъ | *verdьnaxъ | *verdьněxъ |
| Dative | *verdьnomъ | *verdьnamъ | *verdьnomъ |
| Instrumental | *verdьny | *verdьnami | *verdьny |
| Vocative | *verdьni | *verdьny | *verdьna |
Definite declension of *verdьnъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnaja | *verdьnoje |
| Accusative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnǫjǫ | *verdьnoje |
| Genitive | *verdьnajego | *verdьnyję | *verdьnajego |
| Locative | *verdьnějemь | *verdьněji | *verdьnějemь |
| Dative | *verdьnujemu | *verdьněji | *verdьnujemu |
| Instrumental | *verdьnyjimi | *verdьnǫjǫ | *verdьnyjimi |
| Vocative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnaja | *verdьnoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| Accusative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| Genitive | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju |
| Locative | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju |
| Dative | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima |
| Instrumental | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima |
| Vocative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *verdьniji | *verdьnyję | *verdьnaja |
| Accusative | *verdьnyję | *verdьnyję | *verdьnaja |
| Genitive | *verdьnъjixъ | *verdьnъjixъ | *verdьnъjixъ |
| Locative | *verdьnyjixъ | *verdьnyjixъ | *verdьnyjixъ |
| Dative | *verdьnyjimъ | *verdьnyjimъ | *verdьnyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *verdьnyjimi | *verdьnyjimi | *verdьnyjimi |
| Vocative | *verdьniji | *verdьnyję | *verdьnaja |
Derived terms
- *verdьnostь, *verdьnota (“worth”)
Related terms
- *verděti (“to be worth”)
- *verdati (“to estimate”)
Descendants
- South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: вре́ден (vréden) (dialectal)
- Macedonian: вреден (vreden)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: врије́дан
- Latin: vrijédan
- Slovene: vrẹ́den
Further reading
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “вреден²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 184
- Skok, Petar (1974), “vrijedan”, in Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), volume 4, Zagreb: JAZU, page 625
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “vrẹ́den”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si
Etymology 2
From *verdъ (“harm”) + *-ьnъ.
Adjective
*verdьnъ
- harmful
- malicious
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *verdьnъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *verdьnъ | *verdьna | *verdьno |
| Accusative | *verdьnъ | *verdьnǫ | *verdьno |
| Genitive | *verdьna | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| Locative | *verdьně | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| Dative | *verdьnu | *verdьně | *verdьnu |
| Instrumental | *verdьnomь | *verdьnojǫ | *verdьnomь |
| Vocative | *verdьne | *verdьno | *verdьno |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| Accusative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| Genitive | *verdьnu | *verdьnu | *verdьnu |
| Locative | *verdьnu | *verdьnu | *verdьnu |
| Dative | *verdьnoma | *verdьnama | *verdьnoma |
| Instrumental | *verdьnoma | *verdьnama | *verdьnoma |
| Vocative | *verdьna | *verdьně | *verdьně |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *verdьni | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| Accusative | *verdьny | *verdьny | *verdьna |
| Genitive | *verdьnъ | *verdьnъ | *verdьnъ |
| Locative | *verdьněxъ | *verdьnaxъ | *verdьněxъ |
| Dative | *verdьnomъ | *verdьnamъ | *verdьnomъ |
| Instrumental | *verdьny | *verdьnami | *verdьny |
| Vocative | *verdьni | *verdьny | *verdьna |
Definite declension of *verdьnъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnaja | *verdьnoje |
| Accusative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnǫjǫ | *verdьnoje |
| Genitive | *verdьnajego | *verdьnyję | *verdьnajego |
| Locative | *verdьnějemь | *verdьněji | *verdьnějemь |
| Dative | *verdьnujemu | *verdьněji | *verdьnujemu |
| Instrumental | *verdьnyjimi | *verdьnǫjǫ | *verdьnyjimi |
| Vocative | *verdьnъjь | *verdьnaja | *verdьnoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| Accusative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| Genitive | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju |
| Locative | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju | *verdьnuju |
| Dative | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima |
| Instrumental | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima | *verdьnyjima |
| Vocative | *verdьnaja | *verdьněji | *verdьněji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *verdьniji | *verdьnyję | *verdьnaja |
| Accusative | *verdьnyję | *verdьnyję | *verdьnaja |
| Genitive | *verdьnъjixъ | *verdьnъjixъ | *verdьnъjixъ |
| Locative | *verdьnyjixъ | *verdьnyjixъ | *verdьnyjixъ |
| Dative | *verdьnyjimъ | *verdьnyjimъ | *verdьnyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *verdьnyjimi | *verdьnyjimi | *verdьnyjimi |
| Vocative | *verdьniji | *verdьnyję | *verdьnaja |
Derived terms
- *verdina (“damage”)
- *verdьnostь (“harm, malice”)
Related terms
- *verditi (“to cause harm, to injure”)
- *verditeľь (“pest”)
- *verdovъ (“ulcerous”)
Descendants
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: врѣдьнъ (vrědĭnŭ)
- → Russian: вре́дный (vrédnyj)
- → Polish: wredny
- Bulgarian: вре́ден (vréden) (dialectal)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Polish: wrzedny (Middle Polish), wrzodny (rare)
Further reading
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “вреден¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 184
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “вред”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “vredník”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si