< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vapa
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
Disputed:
- Considered a loanword by early scholars, possibly borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́ps (“water”) with prothetic *v- due to word-initial sandhi (similar to Proto-Slavic *vatra (“fire, torch”) < Proto-Iranian *HáHtr̥š (“fire”)). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-, whence native Proto-Slavic *Opava (hydronym, attested as Opava in modern Czechia), Old Prussian apē (“river”), possibly also *opica (“monkey”).
- More likely inherited (Trautmann, Vasmer), cognate with Lithuanian ùpė (“river”), Latvian upe (“river”), Sudovian upa (“river”), perhaps from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wṓpis ~ *upís. Further akin to Sanskrit वापी (vā́pī, “pond, pool”) and probably Hittite [script needed] (wappu-, “riverbank”) (attested predominantly in gen. wappuwaš). Zero grade froms attested in dialectal Bulgarian and in toponyms - cf. Russian Вопь (Vopʹ, “Vop river”) < *Vъpь. In view of the Anatolian data, PIE origin could be from tentative *wep- (“to cast, to pour, to permeate”) (per Pokorny), whence also Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”), Proto-Iranian *wafrah (“snow”). Mallory & Adams reconstruct instead Proto-Indo-European *weh₂p- for the Indo-Aryan data (formally incompatible with Hittite). On the later, Witczak[1] suggests possible fossilized compound *h₂we- (“away, off”) + *h₂ep- originally conveying contrast: off + flowing water → stagnant water.
In either case, *vapa may have been a functional counterpart (originally, of common gender) to substantive *voda (originally, neuter).
Noun
*vapa f
- body of water (pool, pond, lake), standing water
Declension
Declension of *vapa (hard a-stem)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *vapa | *vapě | *vapy |
| Accusative | *vapǫ | *vapě | *vapy |
| Genitive | *vapy | *vapu | *vapъ |
| Locative | *vapě | *vapu | *vapasъ, *vapaxъ* |
| Dative | *vapě | *vapama | *vapamъ |
| Instrumental | *vapojǫ, *vapǫ** | *vapama | *vapami |
| Vocative | *vapo | *vapě | *vapy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: вапа (vapa)
- Russian: ва́па (vápa, “lake”)
- Ukrainian: ва́па (vápa, “boggy place”)
- Old East Slavic: вапа (vapa)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: вапа (vapa)
- Bulgarian: ва́па (vápa), въ́па (vǎ́pa, “depression, sinkhole”) (dialectal)
- Slovene: vápa (“puddle”) (tonal orthography) (colloquial)
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “вапа”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “вапа”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 118
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “vapa”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si
References
- Witczak, K. T. (2015), “Flowing And Stagnant Water In Indo-European”, in Linguistica Brunensia, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University
Etymology 2
Collective of *vapь (“dye”) + *-a. Possibly related to Etymology 1 (Preobražensky, Brückner, Snoj).
Noun
*vapa f
- Alternative form of *vapь (“dye”)
Declension
Declension of *vapa (hard a-stem)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *vapa | *vapě | *vapy |
| Accusative | *vapǫ | *vapě | *vapy |
| Genitive | *vapy | *vapu | *vapъ |
| Locative | *vapě | *vapu | *vapasъ, *vapaxъ* |
| Dative | *vapě | *vapama | *vapamъ |
| Instrumental | *vapojǫ, *vapǫ** | *vapama | *vapami |
| Vocative | *vapo | *vapě | *vapy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: вапа (vapa)
- Russian: ва́па (vápa)
- Old East Slavic: вапа (vapa)
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “вапа”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress