< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tьmьnъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From *tьma (“dark”) + *-ьnъ. Compare Irish temen (“dark”).
Adjective
*tьmь̀nъ or *tь̏mьnъ[1]
- dark
Declension
Indefinite declension of *tьmьnъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tьmьnъ | *tьmьna | *tьmьno |
| Accusative | *tьmьnъ | *tьmьnǫ | *tьmьno |
| Genitive | *tьmьna | *tьmьny | *tьmьna |
| Locative | *tьmьně | *tьmьně | *tьmьně |
| Dative | *tьmьnu | *tьmьně | *tьmьnu |
| Instrumental | *tьmьnomь | *tьmьnojǫ | *tьmьnomь |
| Vocative | *tьmьne | *tьmьno | *tьmьno |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tьmьna | *tьmьně | *tьmьně |
| Accusative | *tьmьna | *tьmьně | *tьmьně |
| Genitive | *tьmьnu | *tьmьnu | *tьmьnu |
| Locative | *tьmьnu | *tьmьnu | *tьmьnu |
| Dative | *tьmьnoma | *tьmьnama | *tьmьnoma |
| Instrumental | *tьmьnoma | *tьmьnama | *tьmьnoma |
| Vocative | *tьmьna | *tьmьně | *tьmьně |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tьmьni | *tьmьny | *tьmьna |
| Accusative | *tьmьny | *tьmьny | *tьmьna |
| Genitive | *tьmьnъ | *tьmьnъ | *tьmьnъ |
| Locative | *tьmьněxъ | *tьmьnaxъ | *tьmьněxъ |
| Dative | *tьmьnomъ | *tьmьnamъ | *tьmьnomъ |
| Instrumental | *tьmьny | *tьmьnami | *tьmьny |
| Vocative | *tьmьni | *tьmьny | *tьmьna |
Definite declension of *tьmьnъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tьmьnъjь | *tьmьnaja | *tьmьnoje |
| Accusative | *tьmьnъjь | *tьmьnǫjǫ | *tьmьnoje |
| Genitive | *tьmьnajego | *tьmьnyję | *tьmьnajego |
| Locative | *tьmьnějemь | *tьmьněji | *tьmьnějemь |
| Dative | *tьmьnujemu | *tьmьněji | *tьmьnujemu |
| Instrumental | *tьmьnyjimi | *tьmьnǫjǫ | *tьmьnyjimi |
| Vocative | *tьmьnъjь | *tьmьnaja | *tьmьnoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tьmьnaja | *tьmьněji | *tьmьněji |
| Accusative | *tьmьnaja | *tьmьněji | *tьmьněji |
| Genitive | *tьmьnuju | *tьmьnuju | *tьmьnuju |
| Locative | *tьmьnuju | *tьmьnuju | *tьmьnuju |
| Dative | *tьmьnyjima | *tьmьnyjima | *tьmьnyjima |
| Instrumental | *tьmьnyjima | *tьmьnyjima | *tьmьnyjima |
| Vocative | *tьmьnaja | *tьmьněji | *tьmьněji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tьmьniji | *tьmьnyję | *tьmьnaja |
| Accusative | *tьmьnyję | *tьmьnyję | *tьmьnaja |
| Genitive | *tьmьnъjixъ | *tьmьnъjixъ | *tьmьnъjixъ |
| Locative | *tьmьnyjixъ | *tьmьnyjixъ | *tьmьnyjixъ |
| Dative | *tьmьnyjimъ | *tьmьnyjimъ | *tьmьnyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *tьmьnyjimi | *tьmьnyjimi | *tьmьnyjimi |
| Vocative | *tьmьniji | *tьmьnyję | *tьmьnaja |
Derived terms
- *tьmьnica (“dungeon”)
- *tьmьnota (“darkness”)
- *tьmьněti (“to darken (become)”)
- *tьmьniti (“to darken (make)”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: тьмьнъ (tĭmĭnŭ)
- Belarusian: цёмны (cjómny)
- Russian: тёмный (tjómnyj)
- Ukrainian: те́мний (témnyj)
- Old East Slavic: тьмьнъ (tĭmĭnŭ)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: тьмьнъ (tĭmĭnŭ)
- Bulgarian: тъ́мен (tǎ́men)
- Macedonian: темен (temen)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: та́ма̄н, та̑ман
- Latin: támān, tȃman
- Slovene: tə̀mən, tǝmǝ̏n, tǝmȃn (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: temný
- Czech: temný
- Polish: ciemny
- Slovak: temný
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: ćěmny
- Lower Sorbian: śamny
- Old Czech: temný
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “тёмный”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. (1993), “тьма”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 276
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tьmьnъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 505: “adj. o (b/c) ‘dark’”