< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tьma
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *tímāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *temH-.
Noun
*tьmà f[1]
- dark, darkness
Declension
Declension of *tьmà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tьmà | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
| Accusative | *tьmǫ̀ | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
| Genitive | *tьmỳ | *tьmù | *tь̀mъ |
| Locative | *tьmě̀ | *tьmù | *tьmàsъ, *tьmàxъ* |
| Dative | *tьmě̀ | *tьmàma | *tьmàmъ |
| Instrumental | *tьmòjǫ, *tь̀mǫ** | *tьmàma | *tьmàmī |
| Vocative | *tьmo | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *tьmьnъ (“dark”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: тьма (tĭma)
- Belarusian: цьма (cʹma)
- Russian: тьма (tʹma)
- Ukrainian: тьма (tʹma)
- Old East Slavic: тьма (tĭma)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: тьма (tĭma)
- Glagolitic: ⱅⱐⰿⰰ (tĭma)
- Bulgarian: тъма (tǎma)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: та́ма
- Latin: táma
- Slovene: təmȁ (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Czech: tma
- Moravian (Mistřice): tma
- Kashubian: cma
- Polabian: ťåmă
- Polish: ćma
- Slovak: tma
- Slovincian: cmȧ̃
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: ćma
- Lower Sorbian: śma
- (Schleifer dialect): ćma
- Czech: tma
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tьma”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 504: “f. ā ‘darkness’”
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “тьма”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Verweij, Arno (1994), “Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak”, in Dutch Contributions to the Eleventh International Congress of Slavists, Bratislava (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics), volume 22, Editions Rodopi B.V., page 503
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Turkic. Compare Turkish tümän, Kyrgyz түмөн (tümön).
Noun
| ← 10 | ← 1,000 | 10,000 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardinal: *tьma | ||||
*tьma f[1]
- myriad, ten thousand
Declension
Declension of *tьma (hard a-stem)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tьma | *tьmě | *tьmy |
| Accusative | *tьmǫ | *tьmě | *tьmy |
| Genitive | *tьmy | *tьmu | *tьmъ |
| Locative | *tьmě | *tьmu | *tьmasъ, *tьmaxъ* |
| Dative | *tьmě | *tьmama | *tьmamъ |
| Instrumental | *tьmojǫ, *tьmǫ** | *tьmama | *tьmami |
| Vocative | *tьmo | *tьmě | *tьmy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: тьма (tĭma)
- Belarusian: цьма (cʹma)
- Ukrainian: тьма (tʹma)
- Russian: тьма (tʹma)
- Old East Slavic: тьма (tĭma)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: тьма (tĭma); тъма (tŭma) (hapax)
- Glagolitic: ⱅⱐⰿⰰ (tĭma)
- Slovene: təmà (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Polish: ćma
References
- Marek Stachowski (2005), “Uwagi o zapożyczeniach ałtajskich w języku prasłowiańskim i kwestie pokrewne”, in Ewa Siemieniec-Gołaś, Marzanna Pomorska, editors, Turks and non-Turks. Studies on the history of linguistic and cultural contacts, volume 10, Kraków, →ISBN, *tъma ~ *tьma, page 445
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “тьма”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress