< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tęžьkъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From earlier *tę̑gъkъ, *tęgъka̍, *tę̑gъko (definite *tęgъkъ̀jь), with medial *-ž- taken from the comparative form *tęžьjь, from Pre-Slavic *tingukas. The earlier u-stem based form is indirectly attested in the causative *otęgъčiti (“to burden”). Continues Proto-Balto-Slavic *tingús (mobile accent), from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰ-, morphologically equal to *tę̑gъ + *-ьkъ.
Directly cognate with Lithuanian tingùs (“lazy”) and Proto-Germanic *þunguz (whence Old Norse þungr (“heavy”)). Further akin to Proto-Iranian *θanǰáyati.
Adjective
*tęžьkъ (comparative *tęžьjь)[1][2]
- heavy (great weight)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *tęžьkъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьka | *tęžьko |
| Accusative | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьkǫ | *tęžьko |
| Genitive | *tęžьka | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
| Locative | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| Dative | *tęžьku | *tęžьcě | *tęžьku |
| Instrumental | *tęžьkomь | *tęžьkojǫ | *tęžьkomь |
| Vocative | *tęžьče | *tęžьko | *tęžьko |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tęžьka | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| Accusative | *tęžьka | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| Genitive | *tęžьku | *tęžьku | *tęžьku |
| Locative | *tęžьku | *tęžьku | *tęžьku |
| Dative | *tęžьkoma | *tęžьkama | *tęžьkoma |
| Instrumental | *tęžьkoma | *tęžьkama | *tęžьkoma |
| Vocative | *tęžьka | *tęžьcě | *tęžьcě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tęžьci | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
| Accusative | *tęžьky | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
| Genitive | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьkъ | *tęžьkъ |
| Locative | *tęžьcěxъ | *tęžьkaxъ | *tęžьcěxъ |
| Dative | *tęžьkomъ | *tęžьkamъ | *tęžьkomъ |
| Instrumental | *tęžьky | *tęžьkami | *tęžьky |
| Vocative | *tęžьci | *tęžьky | *tęžьka |
Definite declension of *tęžьkъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tęžьkъjь | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьkoje |
| Accusative | *tęžьkъjь | *tęžьkǫjǫ | *tęžьkoje |
| Genitive | *tęžьkajego | *tęžьkyję | *tęžьkajego |
| Locative | *tęžьcějemь | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcějemь |
| Dative | *tęžьkujemu | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьkujemu |
| Instrumental | *tęžьkyjimi | *tęžьkǫjǫ | *tęžьkyjimi |
| Vocative | *tęžьkъjь | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьkoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcěji |
| Accusative | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcěji |
| Genitive | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju |
| Locative | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju | *tęžьkuju |
| Dative | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima |
| Instrumental | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima | *tęžьkyjima |
| Vocative | *tęžьkaja | *tęžьcěji | *tęžьcěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *tęžьciji | *tęžьkyję | *tęžьkaja |
| Accusative | *tęžьkyję | *tęžьkyję | *tęžьkaja |
| Genitive | *tęžьkъjixъ | *tęžьkъjixъ | *tęžьkъjixъ |
| Locative | *tęžьkyjixъ | *tęžьkyjixъ | *tęžьkyjixъ |
| Dative | *tęžьkyjimъ | *tęžьkyjimъ | *tęžьkyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *tęžьkyjimi | *tęžьkyjimi | *tęžьkyjimi |
| Vocative | *tęžьciji | *tęžьkyję | *tęžьkaja |
Derived terms
- *otęgъčiti
Related terms
- *tędzati (“to pull, extract”)
- *tęgnǫti (“to pull”)
- *tęgъ / *tęga (“traction, weight”)
- *tęťi (“to pull”)
- *tęželъ
- *tǫga (“sadness”)
- *tǫgъ (“tight, solid, tough”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: тѧжькъ (tęžĭkŭ)
- Belarusian: цяжкі́ (cjažkí)
- Russian: тя́жкий (tjážkij)
- Rusyn: тяжкы́й (tjažkŷ́j)
- Ukrainian: тяжки́й (tjažkýj); тєжки́й (tježkýj) (dialectal)
- Old East Slavic: тѧжькъ (tęžĭkŭ)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Cyrillic тѧжькъ (tęžĭkŭ)
- Glagolitic: ⱅⱔⰶⱐⰽⱏ (tęžĭkŭ)
- Bulgarian: те́жък (téžǎk)
- Macedonian: те́жок (téžok)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: те́жак
- Latin: téžak
- Slovene: težȃk, téžek (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: těžký
- Czech: těžký
- Kashubian: cãżczi
- Polish: ciężki
- Silesian: ciynżki
- Slovak: ťažký
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: śěžki
- Upper Sorbian: ćežki
- Old Czech: těžký
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “тяжелый”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- “tingus”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
- Gluhak, Alemko (1993) Hrvatski etimološki rječnik (in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb: August Cesarec, page 624f
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (2003), “*obtęgъčiti”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 30 (*obsojьnikъ – *obvedьnъjь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 175
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*tęžьkъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 494: “adj. o ‘heavy’”
- Kapović, Mate (2007), “The Development of Proto-Slavic Quantity”, in Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch, University of Vienna, page 8: “*tę̑žьkъ”