< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvьrditi
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From *tvьrdъ + *-iti.
Verb
*tvьrditi
- to harden
- to claim, to insist
Inflection
Conjugation of *tvьrditi, *tvьrdi, *tvьrditь (?, -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)
Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *tvьrďenьje | *tvьrditi | *tvьrditъ | *tvьrdilъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *tvьrďenъ | *tvьrdimъ |
| Active | *tvьrďь | *tvьrdę |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *tvьrdixъ | *tvьrdi | *tvьrdi | *tvьrďǫ | *tvьrdiši | *tvьrditь |
| Dual | *tvьrdixově | *tvьrdista | *tvьrdiste | *tvьrdivě | *tvьrdita | *tvьrdite |
| Plural | *tvьrdixomъ | *tvьrdiste | *tvьrdišę | *tvьrdimъ | *tvьrdite | *tvьrdętь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *tvьrďaaxъ | *tvьrďaaše | *tvьrďaaše | — | *tvьrdi | *tvьrdi |
| Dual | *tvьrďaaxově | *tvьrďaašeta | *tvьrďaašete | *tvьrdivě | *tvьrdita | — |
| Plural | *tvьrďaaxomъ | *tvьrďaašete | *tvьrďaaxǫ | *tvьrdimъ | *tvьrdite | — |
- Notes:
- (*)*tvьrdivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Russian: тверди́ть (tverdítʹ)
- Ukrainian: тве́рдити (tvérdyty)
- South Slavic
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: тврьдити (tvrĭditi)
- Bulgarian: твърдя̀ (tvǎrdjà)
- Macedonian: тврди (tvrdi)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: твр́дити
- Latin: tvŕditi
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic
- Czech: tvrdit
- Old Polish: ćwirdzić
- Polish: twierdzić