Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvarь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *twōrˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *twōrH-, equivalent to *tvoriti +‎ *-ь. Cognate with Lithuanian tvorà (“fence”).

Noun

*tvȃrь f

creation, creature

Declension

Declension of *tvȃrь (i-stem, accent paradigm c)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*tvȃrь	*tvȃri	*tvȃri
Accusative	*tvȃrь	*tvȃri	*tvȃri
Genitive	*tvarí	tvarьjù, tvařu^*	*tvarь̀jь
Locative	*tvarí	tvarьjù, tvařu^*	*tvȃrьxъ
Dative	*tvȃri	*tvarьmà	*tvȃrьmъ
Instrumental	*tvarьjǫ́	*tvarьmà	*tvarьmì
Vocative	*tvari	*tvȃri	*tvȃri

^* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

*tvoriti (“to make”)
*tvȏrъ (“creation, creature”)
*tvь̑rdъ (“firm, hard, solid”)
*tvьrdь (“citadel, firmament”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: тварь (tvarĭ)
  - Belarusian: твар (tvar, “face”)
  - Russian: тварь (tvarʹ)
  - Ukrainian: твар (tvar, “face (also)”)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic: тварь (tvarĭ)
  Glagolitic: ⱅⰲⰰⱃⱐ (tvarĭ)
- Bulgarian: твар (tvar)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: тва̑р
  Latin: tvȃr
West Slavic:
- Czech: tvář (“face”)
- Polish: twarz (“face”)
- Slovak: tvár (“face”)
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: twaŕ
  - Upper Sorbian: twaŕ