< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-tva
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From a-extension of supine *-tъ (u-stem).[1] Or from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-tu-eh₂;[2] compare Gothic -𐌸𐍅𐌰 (-þwa), -𐌸𐍅𐍉𐍃 (-þwōs) and Sanskrit -त्व (-tva), -त्वा (-tvā).
Compare also Lithuanian milžtuvė̃, Lietuvà (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?).
Suffix
*-tva f
- Deverbative, forming nouns denoting an act, state, result.
- Synonyms: *-ьje, *-ьba, *-ъ
- *pasti (“to graze”) → *pastva (“flock”)
- *klęti (“to curse”) → *klętva (“curse”)
- *orati (“to plow”) → *oratva (“plowing”)
- *modliti (“to pray”) → *modlitva (“prayer”)
- *sěti (“to sow”) → *sětva (“sowing”)
- *žęti (“to reap, harvest”) → *žętva (“harvest”)
- Deverbative, forming nouns denoting a tool.
- Synonym: *-dlo
- *briti (“to shave”) → *britva (“razor”)
Declension
Declension of *-tva (hard a-stem)
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *-tva | *-tvě | *-tvy |
Accusative | *-tvǫ | *-tvě | *-tvy |
Genitive | *-tvy | *-tvu | *-tvъ |
Locative | *-tvě | *-tvu | *-tvasъ, *-tvaxъ* |
Dative | *-tvě | *-tvama | *-tvamъ |
Instrumental | *-tvojǫ, *-tvǫ** | *-tvama | *-tvami |
Vocative | *-tvo | *-tvě | *-tvy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Alternative forms
- *-tьba (under influence of *-ьba)
- *-tvь, *-tvo
See also
- *-ьstvo, *-tь
Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-tva
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: -тва (-tva)
- Belarusian: -тва (-tva)
- Russian: -тва (-tva)
- Ukrainian: -тва (-tva)
- Old East Slavic: -тва (-tva)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: -тва (-tva)
- Glagolitic: -ⱅⰲⰰ (-tva)
- Bulgarian: -тва (-tva)
- Macedonian: -тва (-tva)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: -тва
- Latin: -tva
- Slovene: -tev (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Czech: -tva
- Polish: -twa
- Slovak: -tva
- Slovincian: -tvă
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: -twa
- Lower Sorbian: -twa
Further reading
- Šekli, Matej (2012), “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies (in Slovene), volume 10, issue 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gubitva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 166
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1988), “*litva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 15 (*lětina – *lokačь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 159
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*melztva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 96
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*meltva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 91
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jat(ъ)va”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 183
- Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1902), “приꙗти”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments] (in Russian), volume 2: Л – П, Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1502
- Varbot Ž. Ž. (1976), “Вариантность суффиксальной структуры в однокоренных славянских именах и реконструкция праславянского лексического фонда”, in Вопросы языкознания, issue 6, Moscow: Nauka, page 33
References
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gonitva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 23
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bìtva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 32: “*bʰiH-tu-eh₂”