Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/trьvoga

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Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/trьvoga

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Of unclear origin; perhaps from *trьvati (“to endure, to evade”) +‎ *-oga[1]. The etymon has also been compared to Russian отва́га (otvága, “bravery”)[2], which is of Germanic origin.

Noun

*trьvoga f

1. alarm
2. alert

Inflection

Declension of *trьvoga (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*trьvoga	*trьvodzě	*trьvogy
Accusative	*trьvogǫ	*trьvodzě	*trьvogy
Genitive	*trьvogy	*trьvogu	*trьvogъ
Locative	*trьvodzě	*trьvogu	*trьvogasъ, *trьvogaxъ*
Dative	*trьvodzě	*trьvogama	*trьvogamъ
Instrumental	*trьvogojǫ, *trьvogǭ**	*trьvogama	*trьvogamī
Vocative	*trьvogo	*trьvodzě	*trьvogy

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

• *trьvožiti (“to worry”)
• *trьvožьnъ (“worrisome”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Belarusian: трыво́га (tryvóha)
  • Russian: трево́га (trevóga)

    • → Bulgarian: трево́га (trevóga)
    • → Macedonian: тревога (trevoga)

  • Ukrainian: триво́га (tryvóha)
• West Slavic:
  • Polish: trwoga

References

1. Nilsson, Torbjörn K. (1999), “An Old Polish Sound Law and the Etymology of Polish Trwoga and Trwać and Russian Trevóga.”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics, volume 112, issue 1, DOI:10.2307/41288999, pages 143–159
2. Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “тревога”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress