Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/trudъ

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Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/trudъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tráudas, from Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“to squeeze; push; press”). Cognate with Latvian trauds, Lithuanian triusas, Proto-Germanic *þrautaz, *þrautą (“threat, affliction”).

Reconstruction notes

There are reasons for the reconstruction of the accent paradigm c: Old East Slavic бє́^з трꙋда (bé^z truda), по́ трꙋдѣ єго (pó trudě ego) ↔ accent paradigm b: троуда́ (trudá), троудоу̑ (trudȗ), троудо́мъ (trudómŭ), троудѣ̑ (trudě̑).

Noun

*trũdъ m[1][2][3]

1. labour, effort
2. workload

Declension

Declension of *trũdъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*trũdъ	*trūdà	*trūdì
Accusative	*trũdъ	*trūdà	*trūdỳ
Genitive	*trūdà	*trūdù	*trũdъ
Locative	*trūdě̀	*trūdù	*trũděxъ
Dative	*trūdù	*trūdòma	*trūdòmъ
Instrumental	*trūdъ̀mь, *trūdòmь*	*trūdòma	*trũdy
Vocative	*trude	*trūdà	*trūdì

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

• *truditi (“to toil, to do hard work”)
• *trudьnъ (“difficult, laborious”)
  • *trudьnostь (“burden, hardship”)
• *trudovъ (“work-/labour-related”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: трудъ (trudŭ)
    • Russian: труд (trud)
    • Ukrainian: труд (trud)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: троудъ (trudŭ)

    Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱆⰴⱏ (trudŭ)

  • Bulgarian: труд (trud)
  • Macedonian: труд (trud)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic: тру̑д

    Latin: trȗd

  • Slovene: trȗd (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: trud
    • Czech: trud
  • Old Polish: trud
    • Polish: trud
  • Slovak: trud
  • Slovincian: trʉ̇́d

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “труд”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress

References

1. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*trudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 498: “m. o (b/c) ‘labour, trouble’”
2. Olander, Thomas (2001), “trudъ”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (PR 134); b/d (RPT 97, 102) besvær, arbejde”
3. Snoj, Marko (2016), “trud”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *trȗdъ”