< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/svoboda
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Alternative forms
- *sveboda, *svěboda > Polish świeboda
Etymology
| PIE word |
|---|
| *swé |
- From *svobь, from *svojь + *-oda. For the suffix cf. *agoda.
- From the root *svo- (“self-”) (masculine), *sva- (“self-”) (feminine) (cognate with Sanskrit स्व f (sva)), from Proto-Indo-European *swo-bʰo-/*swe-bʰo- and Proto-Slavic *buditi, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰowdʰéyeti, causative of *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, aware”) (cognate with Sanskrit बोधयति (bodháyati)) - meaning literally "condition of being aware of oneself" or more precisely "the gift (ability) of being aware of oneself", whereby condition/ability, or precisely the gift, Proto-Slavic *darъ and Polish dar, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃rom, related to Sanskrit धातृ (dhātṛ́) "donor, giver, supporter, creator…" and Sanskrit दातृ (dātṛ, “giver”), agent noun of ददाति (dadāti, “to give”) is being just indicated by d or dʰ - compare the English expression "to be so free" and the extensive use of shortforms and apostrophes in English language. The word thus means "the given ability to be aware of (and express) oneself". Same extension in Latvian atsvabināt (“to free”), Old Prussian subs, Proto-Germanic *swēbaz m, *sibjō f, Latin Sabīnī, Sabellī, Samnium.
Noun
*svobodà f
- freedom
Inflection
Declension of *svobodà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *svobodà | *svȍbodě | *svȍbody |
| Accusative | *svȍbodǫ | *svȍbodě | *svȍbody |
| Genitive | *svobodý | *svobodù | *svobòdъ |
| Locative | *svȍbodě | *svobodù | *svobodàsъ, *svobodàxъ* |
| Dative | *svobodě̀ | *svobodàma | *svobodàmъ |
| Instrumental | *svobodojǫ́ | *svobodàma | *svobodàmi |
| Vocative | *svobodo | *svȍbodě | *svȍbody |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
Declension of *svobodà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *svobodà | *svobòdě | *svobodỳ |
| Accusative | *svobodǫ̀ | *svobòdě | *svobodỳ |
| Genitive | *svobodỳ | *svobodù | *svobòdъ |
| Locative | *svobodě̀ | *svobodù | *svobodàsъ, *svobodàxъ* |
| Dative | *svobodě̀ | *svobodàma | *svobodàmъ |
| Instrumental | *svobodòjǫ, *svobòdǫ** | *svobodàma | *svobodàmī |
| Vocative | *svobodo | *svobòdě | *svobodỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *svobodьnъ
- *svoboditi
Related terms
- *svojь, *sebě, *sobojǫ
- *sobь, *soba, *sobьstvo, *sobiti, *osobiti
- *svěně
- *svьstь/*svěstь, *svatъ, *posětiti
Descendants
Some forms feature dissimilation u̯…b > l…b.
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: свобода (svoboda), слобода (sloboda), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”, adj.)
- Belarusian: свабо́да (svabóda), слабада́ (slabadá, “a type of settlement”)
- Russian: свобо́да (svobóda), слобода́ (slobodá)
- Ukrainian: свобо́да (svobóda), слобода́ (slobodá)
- → Latvian: svabads
- → Estonian: vaba
- → Finnish: vapaa
- → Ingrian: vappaa
- Old East Slavic: свобода (svoboda), слобода (sloboda), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”, adj.)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: свобода (svoboda), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”, adj.)
- Bulgarian: свобода́ (svobodá)
- Macedonian: сло́бода (slóboda)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: слобо̀да, свобо̀да
- Latin: slobòda, svobòda
- Slovene: svobóda, slobóda, svobọ̑d f, slobọ̑d f
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: svoboda
- Czech: svoboda
- Moravian (Mistřice): su̯oboda
- Czech: svoboda
- Old Polish: świeboda, słoboda
- Polish: swoboda
- Slovak: sloboda
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: swoboda
- Lower Sorbian: swoboda
- Old Czech: svoboda
- Non-Slavic:
- → Hungarian: szabad (“free, allowed”)
- → Romanian: slobod (“free”, adj.)
See also
- *voľa
- *sębrъ
References
- Chernykh, P. (1993), “свобода”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 148
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “свобода”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “слобода”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Oleg Trubačóv (1959), История славянских терминов родства, page 170f
- August Ahlqvist (1894) August Ahlqvist's Wogulische sprachtexte nebst Entwurf einer wogulischen grammatik aus dem nachlasse des verfassers hrsg, page 36
- Vladimir Žuravljóv (1982) Внешние и внутренние факторы языковой эволюции, page 167, page 166
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “sebjō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429