< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/sverěpъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Alternative reconstructions
- *svirěpъ
Etymology 1
From earlier *(e)svorěpъ, from *esvo- (“horse”) + *rěpъ (“bur, burdock”). For the loss of the initial vowel, cf. Old Prussian sweikis (“plowhorse”) (from *asveikīs); according Machek it was assimilated under influence of -ě-. Such etymology is supported by the dialectal Czech equivalent koňský řepíček "horse's Agrimonium", Romanian borrowings from Church Slavonic: sireáp and svireáp (“rampant (on a horse)”) and Czech and Old Polish descendants meaning "stallion", "mare"[1].
According to Brückner: from *svarъ + *-ěpъ[2].
Noun
*sverěpъ m[1]
- horse’s burdock
- (by extension) wild plants
Alternative forms
- *sverěpa f
Declension
Declension of *sverěpъ (hard o-stem)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *sverěpъ | *sverěpa | *sverěpi |
| Accusative | *sverěpъ | *sverěpa | *sverěpy |
| Genitive | *sverěpa | *sverěpu | *sverěpъ |
| Locative | *sverěpě | *sverěpu | *sverěpěxъ |
| Dative | *sverěpu | *sverěpoma | *sverěpomъ |
| Instrumental | *sverěpъmь, *sverěpomь* | *sverěpoma | *sverěpy |
| Vocative | *sverěpe | *sverěpa | *sverěpi |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Ukrainian: свирі́па (svyrípa, “Beta, Erysimum”)
- Russian: свирепа (svirepa, “Raphanus”), свире́пка (svirépka, “Beta, Erysimum”)
- South Slavic:
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: сверепек (“Festuca, Aegilops”)
- Latin: sverepek (“Festuca, Aegilops”)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- West Slavic:
- Czech: sveřep (“Bromus”), sveřepec (“breeding stallion”)
- Old Polish: świerzepa (“mare”), świerzopa (“mare”), świerzepic (“stallion”)
- → Old Prussian: sweriapis (“stallion”)
- Polish: świerzop (“Raphanus”), świerzepa (“Sisymbrium”), świrzepa (“Rapistrum”)
References
- Blažek, Václav (2009), “Kam ta slova zmizela? O chybějících slovanských kontinuantech indoevropských etymonů”, in Ilona Janyšková, Helena Karlíková, editors, Studia etymologica Brunensia (in Czech), volume 6, Prague: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, →ISBN, pages 38-39
- Brückner, Aleksander (1927), “świerzepa”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna
Etymology 2
Unclear:
- Machek, Snoj: From *sve- (“self”) + *rěpъ (“clinging”), originally meaning “one who relies on themselves”.
- Miklošič, Fortunatov: Akin to Lithuanian šiur̃pti (“to bristle, to shiver”).
- Mladenov: Related to Lithuanian sver̃ti (“to scale, to weigh”), svìrtis (“lever”), svarùs (“important”), Latvian svērt (“to weigh”), Proto-Germanic *swēraz (“heavy”) (effectively from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“grave”) + *-ěpъ). Potebnja also relates dial. Russian осве́р (osvér, “lever arm”), possibly сверёжой (sverjóžoj, “wayward”) to this set of cognates.
- V. Merkulova: From the root of *sur- (“raw”) + *-ěpъ.
- Holzer: Possibly derived from a non-Slavic IE substrate (again + *-ěpъ), cognate with native *zvěrь (“beast”).
The origin of the elusive suffix *-ěpъ in the last three proposals is uncertain. Found also in dialectal terms such as *kъrlěpъ (“sticky”) (> dial. Serbo-Croatian крлијеп, stand. крпељ (“tick”) (via metathesis)), *skorěpъ (“hollow”) (> Czech skоřера (“husk”)).
Vasmer, Brückner, Jagić, Blažek discuss the adjective alongside the noun, (presumably) implying kinship between the two.
Adjective
*sverěpъ[1]
- fierce, vicious
- wild, savage
Declension
Indefinite declension of *sverěpъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *sverěpъ | *sverěpa | *sverěpo |
| Accusative | *sverěpъ | *sverěpǫ | *sverěpo |
| Genitive | *sverěpa | *sverěpy | *sverěpa |
| Locative | *sverěpě | *sverěpě | *sverěpě |
| Dative | *sverěpu | *sverěpě | *sverěpu |
| Instrumental | *sverěpomь | *sverěpojǫ | *sverěpomь |
| Vocative | *sverěpe | *sverěpo | *sverěpo |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *sverěpa | *sverěpě | *sverěpě |
| Accusative | *sverěpa | *sverěpě | *sverěpě |
| Genitive | *sverěpu | *sverěpu | *sverěpu |
| Locative | *sverěpu | *sverěpu | *sverěpu |
| Dative | *sverěpoma | *sverěpama | *sverěpoma |
| Instrumental | *sverěpoma | *sverěpama | *sverěpoma |
| Vocative | *sverěpa | *sverěpě | *sverěpě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *sverěpi | *sverěpy | *sverěpa |
| Accusative | *sverěpy | *sverěpy | *sverěpa |
| Genitive | *sverěpъ | *sverěpъ | *sverěpъ |
| Locative | *sverěpěxъ | *sverěpaxъ | *sverěpěxъ |
| Dative | *sverěpomъ | *sverěpamъ | *sverěpomъ |
| Instrumental | *sverěpy | *sverěpami | *sverěpy |
| Vocative | *sverěpi | *sverěpy | *sverěpa |
Definite declension of *sverěpъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *sverěpъjь | *sverěpaja | *sverěpoje |
| Accusative | *sverěpъjь | *sverěpǫjǫ | *sverěpoje |
| Genitive | *sverěpajego | *sverěpyję | *sverěpajego |
| Locative | *sverěpějemь | *sverěpěji | *sverěpějemь |
| Dative | *sverěpujemu | *sverěpěji | *sverěpujemu |
| Instrumental | *sverěpyjimi | *sverěpǫjǫ | *sverěpyjimi |
| Vocative | *sverěpъjь | *sverěpaja | *sverěpoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *sverěpaja | *sverěpěji | *sverěpěji |
| Accusative | *sverěpaja | *sverěpěji | *sverěpěji |
| Genitive | *sverěpuju | *sverěpuju | *sverěpuju |
| Locative | *sverěpuju | *sverěpuju | *sverěpuju |
| Dative | *sverěpyjima | *sverěpyjima | *sverěpyjima |
| Instrumental | *sverěpyjima | *sverěpyjima | *sverěpyjima |
| Vocative | *sverěpaja | *sverěpěji | *sverěpěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *sverěpiji | *sverěpyję | *sverěpaja |
| Accusative | *sverěpyję | *sverěpyję | *sverěpaja |
| Genitive | *sverěpъjixъ | *sverěpъjixъ | *sverěpъjixъ |
| Locative | *sverěpyjixъ | *sverěpyjixъ | *sverěpyjixъ |
| Dative | *sverěpyjimъ | *sverěpyjimъ | *sverěpyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *sverěpyjimi | *sverěpyjimi | *sverěpyjimi |
| Vocative | *sverěpiji | *sverěpyję | *sverěpaja |
Derived terms
- *sverěpostь, *sverěpota (abstract nouns)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: сверѣпъ (sverěpŭ), свирѣпъ (svirěpŭ)
- Russian: свире́пый (svirépyj)
- → Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: свѝреп
- Latin: svìrep
- → Serbo-Croatian:
- ⇒ Ukrainian: свірі́пний (svirípnyj)
- Russian: свире́пый (svirépyj)
- Old East Slavic: сверѣпъ (sverěpŭ), свирѣпъ (svirěpŭ)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: сверѣпъ (sverěpŭ)
- Glagolitic: ⱄⰲⰵⱃⱑⱂⱏ (sverěpŭ)
- → Romanian: sireáp, svireáp (archaic)
- Bulgarian: свире́п (svirép)
- Macedonian: свиреп (svirep)
- Slovene: svеrе́р, srẹ̑p (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: sveřěpý
- Czech: sveřepý
- Old Polish: świerzepi, świerzepy, świerzopi, świerzopy
- Slovak: sverepý
- Old Czech: sveřěpý
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “свире́пый”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Račeva M., Todorov T., editor (2002), “свиреп”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 6, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 553
- “šiurpti”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “srep”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *svȇrpъ, *sverě̋pъ”