Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rakъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative reconstructions

*òrkъ[1]

Etymology

Disputed. According to one hypothesis, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *rṓˀkas, from Proto-Indo-European *wre-h₃kʷo-s (“looking backwards”), composed of the elements *wre- (“back”) (compare Latin re-) and *-h₃kʷ- (“looking, appearing”). Cognate with Old Prussian rokis (“crayfish”) and dialectal Lithuanian rõkis, rókis, but according to Derksen these are borrowings from Slavic. Compare instead Lithuanian érkė and Latvian ẽrce, both meaning “tick”.[1] Alternatively, of substrate origin.[2]

Noun

*ràkъ m

crayfish

Declension

Declension of *ràkъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ràkъ	*ràka	*ràci
Accusative	*ràkъ	*ràka	*ràky
Genitive	*ràka	*ràku	*ràkъ
Locative	*ràcě	*ràku	*ràcě̄xъ
Dative	*ràku	*ràkoma	*ràkomъ
Instrumental	ràkъmь, ràkomь^*	*ràkoma	*ràkȳ
Vocative	*ràče	*ràka	*ràci

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: ракъ (rakŭ)
  - Old Ruthenian: ракъ (rak)
    - Belarusian: рак (rak)
    - Rusyn: рак (rak)
    - Ukrainian: рак (rak)
  - Russian: рак (rak)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic: ракъ (rakŭ)
  Glagolitic: ⱃⰰⰽⱏ (rakŭ)
- Bulgarian: рак (rak)
- Macedonian: рак (rak)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: ра̏к
  Latin: rȁk
- Slovene: rak
  - (Črni vrh, Idrija): rḁ̏k
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: rak
  - Czech: rak
    - Bohemian (Chod dialect): rák
- Kashubian: rek
- Polish: rak
- Slovak: rak
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: rak
  - Lower Sorbian: rak

Non-Slavic:
- Baltic:
  - →? Old Prussian: rokis
  - →? Lithuanian: rõkis, rókis
- → Hungarian: rák
- North Germanic:
  - → Icelandic: rækja f
  - → Faroese: rækja f
  - → Norwegian Nynorsk: rækja f, ræka f
  - → Norwegian: (dialectal) ræk, reik, reikje f, ræg n
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: reke m or f
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: reke f
  - → Swedish: räka, räkior pl (1685)
  - → Old Danish: rækæ
    - Danish: reje, ræge
      - → Greenlandic: raaja
- → Romanian: rac

References

Derksen, Rick (2008), “*òrkъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 374
Mažiulis, Vytautas (1997), “rokis”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian] (in Lithuanian), volume 4, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, page 31