< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/pěna
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *(s)póHy-nh₂-os, from *(s)poH(y)- (“foam”). Cognate with Lithuanian spáinė, Old Prussian sроауnо, Sanskrit फेन (phéna), English foam.
Noun
*pě̀na or *pěnà f[1][2]
- foam
Inflection
Declension of *pě̀na (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *pě̀na | *pě̀ně | *pě̀ny |
| Accusative | *pě̀nǫ | *pě̀ně | *pě̀ny |
| Genitive | *pě̀ny | *pě̀nu | *pě̀nъ |
| Locative | *pě̀ně | *pě̀nu | *pě̀nasъ, *pě̀naxъ* |
| Dative | *pě̀ně | *pě̀nama | *pě̀namъ |
| Instrumental | *pě̀nojǫ, *pě̀nǭ** | *pě̀nama | *pě̀namī |
| Vocative | *pě̀no | *pě̀ně | *pě̀ny |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Declension of *pěnà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *pěnà | *pě̑ně | *pě̑ny |
| Accusative | *pě̑nǫ | *pě̑ně | *pě̑ny |
| Genitive | *pěný | *pěnù | *pě̃nъ |
| Locative | *pě̑ně | *pěnù | *pěnàsъ, *pěnàxъ* |
| Dative | *pěně̀ | *pěnàma | *pěnàmъ |
| Instrumental | *pěnojǫ́ | *pěnàma | *pěnàmi |
| Vocative | *pěno | *pě̑ně | *pě̑ny |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
Secondarily
Declension of *pě̄nà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *pě̄nà | *pě̃ně | *pě̄nỳ |
| Accusative | *pě̄nǫ̀ | *pě̃ně | *pě̄nỳ |
| Genitive | *pě̄nỳ | *pě̄nù | *pě̃nъ |
| Locative | *pě̄ně̀ | *pě̄nù | *pě̄nàsъ, *pě̄nàxъ* |
| Dative | *pě̄ně̀ | *pě̄nàma | *pě̄nàmъ |
| Instrumental | *pě̄nòjǫ, *pě̃nǫ** | *pě̄nàma | *pě̄nàmī |
| Vocative | *pěno | *pě̃ně | *pě̄nỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: пѣна (pěna)
- Belarusian: пе́на (pjéna)
- Russian: пе́на (péna), dial. пена́ (pená)
- Ukrainian: пі́на (pína)
- Rusyn: піна (pina)
- Old East Slavic: пѣна (pěna)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Cyrillic: пѣна (pěna)
- Glagolitic: [Term?]
- Bulgarian: пя́на (pjána)
- Macedonian: пена (pena)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: пе̏на, пје̏на
- Latin: pȅna, pjȅna
- Chakavian (Vrgada): pȉna
- Chakavian (Orbanići): pȅna
- Kajkavian (Bednja): pȅno
- Slovene: pẹ́na (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: pěna
- Czech: pěna
- Bohemian (Chod dialect): pína
- Czech: pěna
- Polish: piana
- Slovak: pena
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: pěna
- Lower Sorbian: pěna
- Old Czech: pěna
- → Yiddish: פּינע (pine), פּיאַנע (pyane)
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “пе́на”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pě̀na”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 397: “f. ā (a) ‘foam’”
- Nikolajev, S. L. (2012), “Vostočnoslavjanskije refleksy akcentnoj paradigmy d i indojevropejskije sootvetstvija slavjanskim akcentnym tipam suščestvitelʹnyx mužskovo roda s o- i u-osnovami*”, in Karpato-balkanskij dialektnyj landšaft: Jazyk i kulʹtura (in Russian), volume 2, Moscow: Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 39: “*pě̋na, *pěna̋”