< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/perti
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
- Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pertei, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian per̃ti (“to beat with a broom (in a bath)”), and wider Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit पृत् (pṛt), पृतन (pṛ́tana), पृतना (pṛ́tanā, “struggle, dispute, battle”).
- Per Vasmer, cognates also include Latvian pḕrt (“to beat, to pound”), pirêtiês (“to quarrel”), Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬱𐬀𐬥𐬀 (pəšana, “battle”), 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬉 (pərətantē, “they are fighting”), Sanskrit परि (parí), परिन् (parin, “enemy”), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬭- (par-, “stand in the way”). Vasmer also includes various cognates beginning with *sp- that may reflect a separate Indo-European root *sperH- or *perH: Lithuanian spìrti (“to prop up”), 1sg. Lithuanian spiriù and Lithuanian ãtsparas (“support, stand”), and wider Indo-European cognates Latin spernō (“to spurn”), English spurn, Sanskrit स्फुरति (sphuráti, “to kick away, to shudder”), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (sparaiti, “to trample, to push”).
Vasmer treats the Russian meanings "to move, to travel" as belonging to an entirely separate homophonous verb, also found in Old Church Slavonic перѫтъ (perǫtŭ, “they fly”), but this form more correctly stems from the Proto-Slavic verb *pьrati (“to fly”), and the Russian meanings are colloquial and likely to be extensions of the underlying meaning "to drag".
Verb
*pérti impf[1][2][3]
- to push, to press
- to oppose
- → to quarrel, deny, renounce
Inflection
Conjugation of *perti, *per, *pьretь (impf., -C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *pьrtьje | *perti | *pertъ | *pьrlъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *pьrtъ | *pьromъ |
| Active | *pьrъ | *pьry |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *perxъ | *per | *per | *pьrǫ | *pьreši | *pьretь |
| Dual | *perxově | *persta | *perste | *pьrevě | *pьreta | *pьrete |
| Plural | *perxomъ | *perste | *peršę | *pьremъ | *pьrete | *pьrǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *pьrěaxъ | *pьrěaše | *pьrěaše | — | *pьri | *pьri |
| Dual | *pьrěaxově | *pьrěašeta | *pьrěašete | *pьrěvě | *pьrěta | — |
| Plural | *pьrěaxomъ | *pьrěašete | *pьrěaxǫ | *pьrěmъ | *pьrěte | — |
- Notes:
- (*)*pьrenъ is doublet of past passive participle
- Intensive derivative: *-pirati
Related terms
- *pьrati (“to beat, to trample, to wash”)
- *pьrěti (“to quarrel, to deny, to renounce”)
- *pertiti (“to order, to forbid, to threaten”)
- *pъrtiti (“to expire”)
- *portiti (“to propel, to send”)
- *opora (“support, basis, foothold”)
- *perkъ (“direct”)
- *pertъ (“trim, arranged”)
- *pьrtь (“bathhouse”)
- *sъporъ (“conflict, dispute”)
Derived terms
- *otъperti (“to detain”)
- *zaperti (“to lock, to detain”)
- *sъperti (“to stop”)
- *jьzperti (“to beat, to strike”)
- *naperti (“to push, to agitate”)
- *uperti (“to resist, to restrain”)
- *orzperti (“to spread”)
- *operti (“to recline, to lean”)
- *podъperti (“to support”)
- *doperti (“to bring together, to touch”)
- *perperti (“to apply”)
- *priperti (“to connect”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic:
- Belarusian: пе́рці (pjérci), 1sg. пру (pru)
- Russian: пере́ть (perétʹ, “to push, to drag; (colloquial) to move, to travel”), 1sg. пру (pru), 3sg. прёт (prjot)
- Ukrainian: пе́рти (pérty), 1sg. пру (pru)
- Old East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Cyrillic: прѣти (prěti, “to quarrel”), 1sg. пьрѫ (pĭrǫ)
- Glagolitic: [Term?]
- Bulgarian: запра́ (zaprá), запи́рам (zapíram, “to detain, to prohibit”)
- Macedonian: запре (zapre, “to stop”)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: за̀пре̄ти (“to bar, to lock”), 1sg. за̏пре̄м
- Latin: zàprēti (“to bar, to lock”), 1sg. zȁprēm
- Slovene: zaprẹ́ti (“to bar, to lock”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. zaprȅm (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: přieti sě (“to challenge”)
- Czech: přít se (“to quarrel”), 1sg. pru se, přu se; (obsolete) přít (“to deny, to renounce”), 1sg. přu, přím; zapřít (“to enclose, to obstruct”), 1sg. zapru
- Polish: przeć (“to push, to press (on)”), 1sg. prę
- Slovak: zaprieť
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: prěć (“to refuse, to renounce”)
- Lower Sorbian: pŕěś (“to refuse, to renounce”)
- Old Czech: přieti sě (“to challenge”)
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “пере́ть”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Duridanov I., Račeva M., Todorov T., editor (1996), “пръ се”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 5, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 812
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*perti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 396: “v. (c)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “-prẹ́ti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “*pérti”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “perti: pьrǫ pьretь”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c låse, lukke (SA 203, 235, 251; PR 139)”