Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/otъ

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Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/otъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ati (as a prefix: *at-), probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óti, o-grade variant of *h₁éti (“beyond, further; also”), or alternatively from *h₂éti (“but”). Cognate with Lithuanian at- (“back, away”), Latvian at- (“back away”), Old Prussian at-, et- (“back, away”) (the latter from an apparent variant *et-).

Preposition

*otъ[1][2][3]

1. (with genitive) from, away from
2. (with genitive) originating from, starting from (a place or time), since
3. (with genitive) of, made of, consisting of
4. (with genitive) out of (a selection)
5. (with genitive) by (in passive; by the action of)

Usage notes

All languages except OCS, Old East Slavic, Old Belarusian, Old Ukrainian, Old Novgorodian, Old Czech, Old Polish, Polabian, Russian, Sorbian and Bulgarian have generalized ot to od, which is the statistically more prevalent form due to word sandhi (i.e. before vowels, sonorants and voiced consonants), and which was reanalyzed as the basic, normal form.

Synonyms

• *jьz
• *vy-

Antonyms

• *do
• *kъ(n)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: отъ (otŭ)
    • Old Ruthenian: отъ (ot), ото (oto)
      • Belarusian: ад (ad), ада (ada)
      • Rusyn: вӱд (vüd)
      • Ukrainian: від (vid)
    • Russian: от (ot), ото (oto)
  • Old Novgorodian: ѿ (otŭ)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: отъ (otŭ)

    Old Cyrillic: отъ (otŭ)

    Glagolitic: ⱁⱅⱏ (otŭ)

  • Bulgarian: от (ot)
  • Macedonian: од (od)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic: о̏д

    Latin: ȍd

  • Slovene: od (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: ot
    • Czech: od
      • Bohemian (Chod dialect): vod
  • Polabian: vit
  • Old Polish: ot, ote
    • Polish: od, ode
  • Silesian: ôd
  • Slovak: od, odo
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: wot, wote
    • Lower Sorbian: wót, wóte

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “от”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
• Georgiev V. I., Duridanov I., editor (1995), “от”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 4, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 952

References

1. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ot(ъ)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 382: “prep. ‘from’”
2. Olander, Thomas (2001), “ot(ъ)”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “(prep. and prefix) (PR 146)”
3. Snoj, Marko (2016), “od”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *otъ”

Etymology 2

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *áta, from Proto-Indo-European *átta (“father”). Baby-talk word.

Cognates include Albanian atë, Ancient Greek ἄττα (átta), Hittite 𒀜𒋫𒀸 (attaš, “father”), Latin atta, Proto-Germanic *attô (whence Gothic 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (atta), Old High German atto), Proto-Celtic *attyos (whence Old Irish aite), Ossetian ӕда (æda, “grandfather”).

Similarly sounding words are also attested in Proto-Turkic *ata (“father; ancestor”) and Proto-Uralic *attɜ (“father, grandfather”).

Noun

*òtъ m[1][2][3][4][5]

1. father

   Synonyms: *bata, *tata

Declension

Declension of *òtъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*òtъ	*otà	*otì
Accusative	*òtъ	*otà	*otỳ
Genitive	*otà	*otù	*òtъ
Locative	*otě̀	*otù	*òtěxъ
Dative	*otù	*otòma	*otòmъ
Instrumental	*otъ̀mь, *otòmь*	*otòma	*òty
Vocative	*ote	*otà	*otì

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Related terms

• *tata (“dad, daddy”)

Derived terms

• *otь̀cь (“father”) (< *otь̀kъ < *òtъ + *-ь̀kъ)[6]
  • *otьcevъ
    • *otьcevьskъ
    • *otьcevьstvo
  • *otьčičь
  • *otьčina (“paternal household”)
  • *otьčizna / *otьčiznь
    • *otьčinъ
    • *otьčinьnъ
  • *otьčjь
  • *otьčuxъ
  • *otьčunъ
• *otь̀čь (“fatherly”) (< *otь̀kjь < *otь̀kъ + *-jь < *òtъ + *-ьkъ)[6]
  • *otьčevъ (“paternal”)
  • *otьčìmъ (“fatherly figure”)
    • *otьčimovъ
    • *otьčimьskъ
  • *otьčьnъ (“fatherly”)
  • *otьčьskъ (“patriotic”)
  • *otь̀čьstvo (“fatherland”)
• *otьnь / *otьnъ (“fatherly”) (< *òtъ + *-ьnъ)
  • *bezotьnъ
  • *otьnina

Descendants

• West Slavic:
  • Pomeranian: ota (“father”) (< *òta)[1]

References

1. Zhuravlyov, A. F., editor (2014), “*otьcь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 39 (*otъtęti – *ozgǫba), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 168
2. Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2003), “оте́ць”, in Етимологічний словник української мови: у 7 т. [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 7 vols] (in Ukrainian), volume 4 (Н – П), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 232
3. Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “оте́ц”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
4. Georgiev V. I., Duridanov I., editor (1995), “оте́ц”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 4, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 960
5. Snoj, Marko (2016), “oče”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si
6. Moszyński, Leszek (2006) Wstęp do filologii słowiańskiej [Introduction to Slavic Philology]‎ (in Polish), 2nd edition, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, →ISBN, page 233