< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/mǫka
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *mánkāˀ.
Noun
*mǫ̀ka f[1][2]
- torment, torture
Declension
Declension of *mǫ̀ka (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *mǫ̀ka | *mǫ̀cě | *mǫ̀ky |
| Accusative | *mǫ̀kǫ | *mǫ̀cě | *mǫ̀ky |
| Genitive | *mǫ̀ky | *mǫ̀ku | *mǫ̀kъ |
| Locative | *mǫ̀cě | *mǫ̀ku | *mǫ̀kasъ, *mǫ̀kaxъ* |
| Dative | *mǫ̀cě | *mǫ̀kama | *mǫ̀kamъ |
| Instrumental | *mǫ̀kojǫ, *mǫ̀kǭ** | *mǫ̀kama | *mǫ̀kamī |
| Vocative | *mǫ̀ko | *mǫ̀cě | *mǫ̀ky |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
adjective
- *mǫčivъ
nouns
- *mǫčenica
- *mǫčenikъ
- *mǫčidlo
- *mǫčiteľь
Related terms
- *mę̀knǫti (“to become soft”)
- *mę̏kъkъ (“soft”)
- *mǫ̀čiti (“to torture, to torment”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Belarusian: му́ка (múka)
- Russian: му́ка (múka)
- Ukrainian: му́ка (múka)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Cyrillic: мѫка (mǫka)
- Glagolitic: ⰿⱘⰽⰰ (mǫka)
- Bulgarian: мъ́ка (mǎ́ka), мъ́нка (mǎ́nka) (dialectal)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: му̏ка
- Latin: mȕka
- Chakavian (Vrgada): mȕka
- Chakavian (Orbanići): mȕka
- Slovene: múka (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: muka, múka
- Czech: muka
- Old Polish: męka
- Polish: męka
- Slovak: muka
- Old Czech: muka, múka
- Non-Slavic:
- → Hungarian: munka (“work”)
- → Romanian: muncă (“work”)
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “му́ка”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
Etymology 2
Probably from Proto-Indo-European *mh₂ǵyéti, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ǵ-, *meh₂ḱ- (“to knead”), see also Sanskrit मचते (macate), Latin mācerō, and Proto-West Germanic *makōn, English make.[3][4]
Noun
*mǭkà f[5][6]
- flour
- Synonym: *bȏršьno
Declension
Declension of *mǭkà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *mǭkà | *mǫ̃cě | *mǭkỳ |
| Accusative | *mǭkǫ̀ | *mǫ̃cě | *mǭkỳ |
| Genitive | *mǭkỳ | *mǭkù | *mǫ̃kъ |
| Locative | *mǭcě̀ | *mǭkù | *mǭkàsъ, *mǭkàxъ* |
| Dative | *mǭcě̀ | *mǭkàma | *mǭkàmъ |
| Instrumental | *mǭkòjǫ, *mǫ̃kǫ** | *mǭkàma | *mǭkàmī |
| Vocative | *mǫko | *mǫ̃cě | *mǭkỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: мука (muka)
- Old Ruthenian: мука́ (muká)
- Belarusian: мука́ (muká)
- Rusyn: мука́ (muká)
- Ukrainian: мука́ (muká)
- Russian: мука́ (muká)
- Old Ruthenian: мука́ (muká)
- Old East Slavic: мука (muka)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: мѫка (mǫka)
- Glagolitic: ⰿⱘⰽⰰ (mǫka)
- Bulgarian: му́ка̥ (múkḁ) (dialectal)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: му́ка; мӯка̏, мука̏ (dialectal)
- Latin: múka; mūkȁ, mukȁ (dialectal)
- Slovene: mọ́ka (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: múka
- Czech: mouka; múka (obsolete)
- Polabian: mǫkă
- Old Polish: mąka
- Polish: mąka; mǫka, můŋka (dialectal)
- Slovak: múka
- Slovincian: mǫka, mȯ́ų̯kă, m'ůka
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: muka
- Upper Sorbian: muka
- Old Czech: múka
Derived terms
adjectives
- *mǫčanъ
- *mǫčistъ
- *mǫčьnatъ
- *mǫčьnъ
nouns
- *mǫčica
- *mǫčina
- *mǫčьka
- *mǫčьnica
- *mǫčьnikъ
verb
- *mǫčiti
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “мука́”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*mǫ̀ka”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 329: “f. ā (a) ‘torment, torture’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “mǫka mǫky”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a pine (PR 132; RPT 110)”
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μάσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN}
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 2061
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*mǭkà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 329: “f. ā (b) ‘flour’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “mǫka mǫky”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b mel (SA 177; PR 135)”