< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kyvati
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *kh₁u-, from the root *keh₁w-. Cognate with Latin cēveō (“to move the backside in a lewd manner, to twerk”). Vasmer suggests a possible additional cognate in Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skēwjan, “to wander”), while Chernykh adds as possibilities Ossetian чи́уын (ḱíwyn, “to stagger, to stumble”) (also кеун (kewn)), Central Kurdish کەیان (keyan, “to waver, to wobble”).
Verb
*kyvati impf[1]
- to nod
Inflection
Conjugation of *kyvati, *kyva, *kyvajetь (impf., -a-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)
Suffix: *-ati
| Verbal noun | Infinitive | Supine | L-participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| *kyvanьje | *kyvati | *kyvatъ | *kyvalъ |
| Participles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tense | Past | Present |
| Passive | *kyvanъ | *kyvajemъ |
| Active | *kyvavъ | *kyvaję |
| Aorist | Present | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kyvaxъ | *kyva | *kyva | *kyvajǫ | *kyvaješi | *kyvajetь |
| Dual | *kyvaxově | *kyvasta | *kyvaste | *kyvajevě | *kyvajeta | *kyvajete |
| Plural | *kyvaxomъ | *kyvaste | *kyvašę | *kyvajemъ | *kyvajete | *kyvajǫtь |
| Imperfect | Imperative | |||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| Singular | *kyvaaxъ | *kyvaaše | *kyvaaše | — | *kyvaji | *kyvaji |
| Dual | *kyvaaxově | *kyvaašeta | *kyvaašete | *kyvajivě | *kyvajita | — |
| Plural | *kyvaaxomъ | *kyvaašete | *kyvaaxǫ | *kyvajimъ | *kyvajite | — |
Derived terms
- *kyvъkъ (“nod”)
Related terms
- *kyti (“to pound, to wing”)
- *kyjati (“to flap, to knock (with a hammer)”)
- *kymъ (“nod”)
- *kymati (“to nod”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: кꙑвати (kyvati) (13th century)
- Belarusian: ківа́ць (kivácʹ)
- Russian: кива́ть (kivátʹ)
- Ukrainian: кива́ти (kyváty)
- Old East Slavic: кꙑвати (kyvati) (13th century)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Cyrillic: кꙑвати (kyvati)
- Glagolitic: [Term?]
- Bulgarian: ки́вам (kívam) (dialectal)
- Slovene: kívati (tonal orthography) (obsolete, dialectal)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Czech: kývat
- Old Polish: kiwać
- Polish: kiwać
- Slovak: kývať
- Slovincian: ħĩvăc
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: kiwać
- Lower Sorbian: kiwaś
Further reading
- Chernykh, P. (1993), “кива́ть”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1 (а – пантомима), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 394
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “кива́ть”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keh₁u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 343
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*kyvati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), volume 13 (*kroměžirъ – kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 283
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kyvati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 267: “v. ‘nod’”