< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kysělъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Alternative reconstructions
- *kỳselъ
Etymology
Possibly a relic l-participle of *kysěti + *-lъ.
Adjective
*kỳsělъ[1]
- sour, tangy
- Synonym: *tьrpъkъ
Alternative forms
- *kyslъ, *kysalъ
Declension
Indefinite declension of *kysělъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *kysělъ | *kysěla | *kysělo |
| Accusative | *kysělъ | *kysělǫ | *kysělo |
| Genitive | *kysěla | *kysěly | *kysěla |
| Locative | *kysělě | *kysělě | *kysělě |
| Dative | *kysělu | *kysělě | *kysělu |
| Instrumental | *kysělomь | *kysělojǫ | *kysělomь |
| Vocative | *kysěle | *kysělo | *kysělo |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *kysěla | *kysělě | *kysělě |
| Accusative | *kysěla | *kysělě | *kysělě |
| Genitive | *kysělu | *kysělu | *kysělu |
| Locative | *kysělu | *kysělu | *kysělu |
| Dative | *kysěloma | *kysělama | *kysěloma |
| Instrumental | *kysěloma | *kysělama | *kysěloma |
| Vocative | *kysěla | *kysělě | *kysělě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *kysěli | *kysěly | *kysěla |
| Accusative | *kysěly | *kysěly | *kysěla |
| Genitive | *kysělъ | *kysělъ | *kysělъ |
| Locative | *kysělěxъ | *kysělaxъ | *kysělěxъ |
| Dative | *kysělomъ | *kysělamъ | *kysělomъ |
| Instrumental | *kysěly | *kysělami | *kysěly |
| Vocative | *kysěli | *kysěly | *kysěla |
Definite declension of *kysělъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *kysělъjь | *kysělaja | *kysěloje |
| Accusative | *kysělъjь | *kysělǫjǫ | *kysěloje |
| Genitive | *kysělajego | *kysělyję | *kysělajego |
| Locative | *kysělějemь | *kysělěji | *kysělějemь |
| Dative | *kysělujemu | *kysělěji | *kysělujemu |
| Instrumental | *kysělyjimi | *kysělǫjǫ | *kysělyjimi |
| Vocative | *kysělъjь | *kysělaja | *kysěloje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *kysělaja | *kysělěji | *kysělěji |
| Accusative | *kysělaja | *kysělěji | *kysělěji |
| Genitive | *kysěluju | *kysěluju | *kysěluju |
| Locative | *kysěluju | *kysěluju | *kysěluju |
| Dative | *kysělyjima | *kysělyjima | *kysělyjima |
| Instrumental | *kysělyjima | *kysělyjima | *kysělyjima |
| Vocative | *kysělaja | *kysělěji | *kysělěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *kysěliji | *kysělyję | *kysělaja |
| Accusative | *kysělyję | *kysělyję | *kysělaja |
| Genitive | *kysělъjixъ | *kysělъjixъ | *kysělъjixъ |
| Locative | *kysělyjixъ | *kysělyjixъ | *kysělyjixъ |
| Dative | *kysělyjimъ | *kysělyjimъ | *kysělyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *kysělyjimi | *kysělyjimi | *kysělyjimi |
| Vocative | *kysěliji | *kysělyję | *kysělaja |
Derived terms
- *kysělina (“sour substance”)
- *kysělostь, *kysělьstvo (“sourness”)
- *kysělьcь (type of herb)
Related terms
- *kvasъ (“fermented beverage”)
- *kyprъ (“plump”)
Descendants
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic: кꙑсѣлъ (kysělŭ)
- Glagolitic: ⰽⱏⰹⱄⱑⰾⱏ (kysělŭ)
- Bulgarian: ки́сел (kísel)
- Macedonian: кисел (kisel)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: ки̏сео
- Latin: kȉseo
- Chakavian (Orbanići): kȉsel
- Chakavian (Vrgada): kȉsē
- Slovene: kísəl (tonal orthography) (more likely from *kyslъ)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: kysělý
- Czech: kyselý
- Moravian (Mistřice): kiseu̯í
- Czech: kyselý
- Old Polish: kisiały, kisały
- Polish: kisiały (archaic)
- Slovak: kyslý
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: kisały
- Upper Sorbian: kisały
- Old Czech: kysělý
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “ки́слый”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*kyselъ(jь)/*kysělъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 271
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1979), “кисел²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 385
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kỳselъ; *kỳsělъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 267: “adj. o (a) ‘sour’”