< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/krivъ
 | This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kréiwas, from Proto-Indo-European *kreywos. Cognate with Latvian krievs, Lithuanian kreivas, krivis, Latin curvus (from zero-grade) and indirectly Latvian krails, Old Irish cruind, and Ancient Greek κορωνός (korōnós).
Adjective
*krȋvъ[1][2]
- crooked, bent
- wrong
- guilty
- lame
Inflection
Accent paradigm c.
Indefinite declension of *krivъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *krivъ | *kriva | *krivo |
| Accusative | *krivъ | *krivǫ | *krivo |
| Genitive | *kriva | *krivy | *kriva |
| Locative | *krivě | *krivě | *krivě |
| Dative | *krivu | *krivě | *krivu |
| Instrumental | *krivomь | *krivojǫ | *krivomь |
| Vocative | *krive | *krivo | *krivo |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *kriva | *krivě | *krivě |
| Accusative | *kriva | *krivě | *krivě |
| Genitive | *krivu | *krivu | *krivu |
| Locative | *krivu | *krivu | *krivu |
| Dative | *krivoma | *krivama | *krivoma |
| Instrumental | *krivoma | *krivama | *krivoma |
| Vocative | *kriva | *krivě | *krivě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *krivi | *krivy | *kriva |
| Accusative | *krivy | *krivy | *kriva |
| Genitive | *krivъ | *krivъ | *krivъ |
| Locative | *krivěxъ | *krivaxъ | *krivěxъ |
| Dative | *krivomъ | *krivamъ | *krivomъ |
| Instrumental | *krivy | *krivami | *krivy |
| Vocative | *krivi | *krivy | *kriva |
Definite declension of *krivъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *krivъjь | *krivaja | *krivoje |
| Accusative | *krivъjь | *krivǫjǫ | *krivoje |
| Genitive | *krivajego | *krivyję | *krivajego |
| Locative | *krivějemь | *krivěji | *krivějemь |
| Dative | *krivujemu | *krivěji | *krivujemu |
| Instrumental | *krivyjimi | *krivǫjǫ | *krivyjimi |
| Vocative | *krivъjь | *krivaja | *krivoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *krivaja | *krivěji | *krivěji |
| Accusative | *krivaja | *krivěji | *krivěji |
| Genitive | *krivuju | *krivuju | *krivuju |
| Locative | *krivuju | *krivuju | *krivuju |
| Dative | *krivyjima | *krivyjima | *krivyjima |
| Instrumental | *krivyjima | *krivyjima | *krivyjima |
| Vocative | *krivaja | *krivěji | *krivěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *kriviji | *krivyję | *krivaja |
| Accusative | *krivyję | *krivyję | *krivaja |
| Genitive | *krivъjixъ | *krivъjixъ | *krivъjixъ |
| Locative | *krivyjixъ | *krivyjixъ | *krivyjixъ |
| Dative | *krivyjimъ | *krivyjimъ | *krivyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *krivyjimi | *krivyjimi | *krivyjimi |
| Vocative | *kriviji | *krivyję | *krivaja |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: кривъ (krivŭ), кривꙑи (krivyj)
- Belarusian: крывы́ (kryvý)
- Russian: криво́й (krivój)
- Ukrainian: криви́й (kryvýj)
- Old East Slavic: кривъ (krivŭ), кривꙑи (krivyj)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Cyrillic: кривъ (krivŭ)
- Glagolitic: ⰽⱃⰹⰲⱏ (krivŭ)
- Bulgarian: крив (kriv)
- Macedonian: крив (kriv)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: кри̑в
- Latin: krȋv
- Slovene: krȋv (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: křivý
- Czech: křivý
- Bohemian (Chod dialect): křivyj
- Czech: křivý
- Polabian: kraivĕ
- Polish: krzywy
- Slovak: krivý
- Slovincian: křëvi, křävḯ
- Sorbian:
- Upper Sorbian: křiwy
- Lower Sorbian: kśiwy
- Old Czech: křivý
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “кривой”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*krivъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 171
References
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “krivъ kriva krivo”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c skæv, krum (SA 109; PR 138)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “krȋv”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “*krȋvъ”